tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-77867687443499410542024-02-20T10:14:48.932-08:00Disney writing paperPaper Topics + Mph 6001 The Biologic Basis Of Disease In Public Healthmaudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.comBlogger73125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-74563951592573380742020-08-23T00:51:00.001-07:002020-08-23T00:51:13.037-07:00Cancer Prediction Using Data MiningMalignant growth Prediction Using Data Mining Malignant growth Disease Prediction from Horoscope of a Person Using Data Mining D. JAGADEESWARAN Dynamic This paper manages discovering the conceivable outcomes of torment an individual from malignancy sickness for example anticipating malignant growth infection from horoscope of an individual utilizing information mining methods. Horoscope has 12 districts each involving 300. Every locale is known as a ââ¬Å"houseâ⬠that manages various implications. There are all out 9 planets that can possess any house in a horoscope. As indicated by position of the planets diverse precise mixes can be shaped and these mixes are named as ââ¬Å"Yogaââ¬â¢sâ⬠that are utilized in foreseeing highlights of horoscope. Each house manages various meanings and a similar arrangement of blends getting in a specific house may impact the various implications fathomed by the house, in various ways. To be progressively explicit, let us think about the fourth place of a horoscope. It should connote mother, instruction, land and house properties. An unskilled individual may have numerous houses and an extensive mother while an exceptionally instructed individual may not have any properties. This conspicuous inconsistency has been accommodating somewhat by the presentation of a noteworthy factor, viz., the Karaka or marker. This paper targets testing new horoscopes discovering various conceivable rakish blends present in that horoscope and to foresee the chance of malignant growth ailment. This is additionally a way to deal with find out whether Astrology is a logical report and utilization of language of the sublime bodies or not. File Terms Data Mining, Horoscope perusing, Horoscope grouping, malignant growth malady expectation and so on. Presentation: Malignant growth is a term utilized for ailments in which strange cells separate without control and can attack different tissues. Malignant growth cells can spread to different pieces of the body through the blood and lymph frameworks. Malignant growth isn't only one sickness yet numerous infections. There are in excess of 100 distinct sorts of malignancy. Most malignant growths are named for the organ or kind of cell where they start for instance, disease that starts in the colon is called colon malignant growth; disease that starts in melanocytes of the skin is called melanoma.Cancer types can be gathered into more extensive classifications. The primary classifications of malignancy include: Carcinoma malignancy that starts in the skin or in tissues that line or spread inner organs. There are various subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cellcarcinoma. Sarcoma malignancy that starts in bone, ligament, fat, muscle, veins, or other connective or strong tissue. Leukemia malignancy that begins in blood-framing tissue, for example, the bone marrow and makes huge quantities of irregular platelets be created and enter the blood. Lymphoma and myeloma malignant growths that start in the cells of the invulnerable framework. Focal sensory system malignant growths diseases that start in the tissues of the cerebrum and spinal rope. Not all tumors are destructive; tumors can be amiable or dangerous. Considerate tumors arent harmful. They can regularly be evacuated, and, by and large, they don't return. Cells in kindhearted tumors don't spread to different pieces of the body. Dangerous tumors are carcinogenic. Cells in these tumors can attack close by tissues and spread to different pieces of the body. The spread of disease starting with one piece of the body then onto the next is called metastasis. A few malignant growths don't shape tumors. For instance, leukemia is a malignant growth of the bone marrow and blood. Malignancy is a drawn out maladies. Therefore, it is basic that the 6th and the eighth house forma relationship with one another. This is on the grounds that the 6th house decides the sickness and the eighth house means the ailments that keep going long. Then again, Saturn and Rahu give the signs for the event of ailments that keep going long. The situation of both the houses assume a huge job in dissecting the malignant growth. Disease is identified with Rahu, harassed Moon, distressed Jupiter or Saturn and furthermore frames relations with signs including, Aries, Taurus, Cancer, Libra and Capricorn. The local has a danger of experiencing malignancy when the Moon is beset being the ruler of the 6th house or eighth house in its horrible dasha. The danger of experiencing disease is likewise high when there are numerous malefic planets in a single house, particularly Saturn, Rahu and Mars. The local experiences the malignant growth of the particular body part that is spoken to by the tormented house. Neptune and Uranus confronting each other in a horoscope is viewed as an exceptionally unpropitious position. This circumstance can even be deadly for the local. Tormented dashaanath in the horoscope can likewise give genuine infections like malignant growth. The dashas that come after the dasha in which the local experiences Cancer is additionally broke down. On the off chance that these dashas are propitious, or of great planets, or yogakaraka planets, at that point the illness can be analyzed in the underlying stage just and can be effortlessly rewarded. Navansh kundli, shahtiyansh kundli and ashtamansha kundli ought to likewise be investigated before coming to any resolution. Rahu is considered to the karaka of malignant growth. Be that as it may, Mars and Saturn can likewise give this sicknesses. Jupiter is viewed as master of development and malignant growth happens with the development of dead cells in the body. The danger of malignant growth is likewise high when the master of the eighth or 6th house is distressed. Rules for disease disese: Combination of Sat with moon or venus. Saturn and blemishes angle or the other way around Malefic master of sixth in ,6th,8th tenth or twelfth. Master of sixth in sixth ,eighth 1oth and twelfth. Jupiters perspective on disappearing moon . Moon and venus perspective on one another. Part of saturn on moon or venus. Venus or moon in Rahu ,ketu hub aspected by saturn ,blemishes or jupiter. I found that venus assumed a noteworthy job in many diagrams. Maha dasha or antar of Rahu . Yogas for Cancer Disease At the point when Mars, Moon and the master of the 6th house conjuncts each other in a horoscope alongside Sun, at that point the individual has a danger of getting malignancy infection. On the off chance that Moon and Saturn are in the 6th place of the horoscope, at that point the individual can get Cancer after the age of 55. Combination of Jupiter, Saturn and Ketu can turn into the reason for Cancer. Harrowed Mars and connection of Ashlesha Nakshatra with the ascendant and the 6th house can likewise bring about Cancer. As per Dr. B.V Raman , the danger of Cancer is high when the master of the 6th house being a malefic is arranged in the ascendant, eighth, or tenth place of the horoscope. Saturn in the burdened state arranged in the nakshatra of Rahu can likewise cause Cancer. At the point when Saturn and Mars conjuncts in the 6th house in Addra or Swati nakshatra. Planets Cancer causing territories in body Planet Body Part to be affected by Cancer Sun Head (Brain), Heart, Stomach, Blood Moon Bone Marrow, Breasts, Lungs, Heart Mars Blood, Bone marrow, Reproductive organs, Uterus, Neck and Rectum Mercury Nose, Mouth, Umbilicous Jupiter Ears, Liver, Thighs, Brain Venus Troat, Reproductive organs Saturn Hands, Feet, Legs, Gums Ketu Head, Neck, Blood, Back/Spine Houses Cancer causing territories in body Malefic Planet impacting House Body Part to be affected by Cancer first House Mind, Head second House Mouth third House Throat, Neck fourth House Chest, Breasts, Lungs, Back fifth House Stomach, Blood, Bone Marrow sixth House Liver, Cancers, Pancreas seventh House Regenerative organs eighth House Rectum, Piles, Spine ninth House Thighs tenth House Knees eleventh House Legs twelfth House Feet When all is said in done, Saturn is constantly connected with all sicknesses (particularly ceaseless and long haul) and if malignancy causing planet is in at any rate related (conjunct, viewpoint, in star grouping, in sign) with saturn, at that point malignancy will set aside long effort to cure.Also if either Saturn or malignant growth causing planet are Retrograde in birth diagram, the illness sets aside longer effort to get relieved. Saturn and Rahu impacting second house (by position or angle) are fundamental explanation behind tobacco biting and smoking propensities. An individual with these viewpoints ought to be cautious and attempt to stop tobacco as it can prompt mouth, throat and lung malignancy. General horoscope structure for infections: HOROSCOPE CHART Is the one wherein the request for the houses is fixed. It comprises of four focal rhomboidal houses (which are numbered 1, 4,7 and 10, beginning from the upper focal rhomboid) and eight triangular houses. The sign ascending at the hour of birth is set apart in the principal house or the upper focal rhomboid, and the rest of the signs set apart in customary request in an enemy of clockwise bearing. Making A DATABASE FROM ABOVE HOROSCOPE Each horoscope contains 9 planets, 12 unique signs 12 distinct houses. Contingent upon the position of all these diverse precise mixes are framed. A horoscope can be distinguished by 11 qualities viz. Ascendant sign indications of 9 Planets. An eleventh credit might be added to speak to whether the individual will experience the ill effects of malignancy ailment or not. TABLE STRUCTURE The table structure has 11 traits. That implies sun, moon, damages, mercury, Jupiter, venus, Saturn, rajku, kethu, ascendant and malignant growth illness. That is spoken to as: Trait Limitations Datatype Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu Malignant growth malady Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Not Null Varchar Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Truly/NO The qualities are embedded in the database as, Ascendent Sun Moon Mars Mercury Jupiter Venus Saturn Rahu Ketu CancerDisease 2 4 4 3 4 7 4 4 2 8 NO The database can be made for some such horoscopes.This database will fill in as the preparation set in foreseeing the newe maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-59908082705177727342020-08-21T22:32:00.001-07:002020-08-21T22:32:32.775-07:00Overpopulation Essay -- Earthôs PopulationThere are 6 billion individuals on the essence of the Earth. As indicated by our best gauges, there are somewhere close to three and multiple times a bigger number of individuals than this planet can keep up over a significant stretch of time. Non-inexhaustible assets are being utilized at a mind blowing rate, and we are devastating the ability of the planetary biological system to restore the gracefully of sustainable assets. The more awful anyway is yet to come. We have to understand the need of a populace plan which will make our future increasingly idealistic. This arrangement must be founded on the way that the control of the fast populace development is important internationally; in any case, earthââ¬â¢s condition will be placed into more serious risk, the overexploitation of regular assets will proceed and neediness will ascend in the vast majority of the worldââ¬â¢s nations. Quick populace development is an immense danger to the earth. We expend materials and vitality from earth and afterward return warmth and squanders to earth, however the earth can indeed deal with a limited amount of much waste before genuine impacts on people are seen. As human numbers increment, decay of water quality and obliteration of creature and plant networks increment as well. The genuine impacts of populace development apply even on the secured areas of this planet. Quick development of human numbers additionally causes overexploitation of normal assets and gives pressure on food supplies. Therefore it won't be long until we watch a amazing decrease in our expectations for everyday comforts. Land, woods and wa... maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-50702463755985014992020-07-08T13:29:00.001-07:002020-07-08T13:29:02.616-07:00Difference Between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs - 2200 WordsDifference Between Entrepreneurs and Non-Entrepreneurs-Entrepreneurs (Coursework Sample) Content: What differentiates successful entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs?NameInstitution Abstract The purpose of this study is to investigate the traits of entrepreneurs and why some people lack them. It is a research on cognition in the field of entrepreneurship. The study delves deep into cognitive capabilities of successful entrepreneurs, and why some people, especially employees in an establishment, lack the required intelligence and creativity to succeed. The question in the study is as to whether entrepreneurs have a higher score in fluid intelligence. As well, the study begs answers on how the entrepreneurs think and how this differs with the thinking of non-entrepreneurs. The research study will utilise qualitative grounded theory design. This methodology is most suitable as it will explain a way of thinking between entrepreneurs and non-entrepreneurs. The focus of this study is on the levels of creativity and intelligence in entrepreneurs and differentiated from th e non-entrepreneurs capabilities. The investment theory of creativity will be used to help understand intellectual processes, styles, knowledge, personality, environmental context and motivation capabilities possessed by entrepreneurs. A population of 200 in Deansgate in Manchester will be used as responden... maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-55948609082576152842020-05-19T20:36:00.001-07:002020-05-19T20:36:05.989-07:00The Main Stakeholders Of Childhood Vaccination - 1543 Words SECTION 3: MAJOR STAKEHOLDERS In this area of study related to Childhood Vaccination, we will discuss about the major and key stakeholders. These major stakeholders, those influencing and shaping the debate are; Government and Legislators (Policy Makers), Parents, NGOââ¬â¢s and Lobby Groups. We can also find some least influential stakeholders which do not have as such influence on this issue but they are the one who are most ââ¬Å"affected byâ⬠group in term of the issue is concerned. These are New-Parents/Future Parents and Children. In this part, we will try to find out the perspective of major stakeholders, their agreement and disagreement as far as issue is concerned, and also, is there any interaction between those stakeholder exist or not? PARENTS: Parents are the most influential stakeholder as far as Childhood Immunisation is concerned, as both Government and Lobby Groups are dependent on their support and actions to make an impact on this topic and that is the reason why all NGOââ¬â¢s and Lobby Groups try to persuade public opinion in general and parents opinion specifically. However, we may see that the Parents opinion in this area of Childhood Vaccination/Immunisation are immensely divided. Thatââ¬â¢s why, we may find both most vaccinated areas as well as least vaccinated areas in our society. Majority of Parents are in favour of childhood vaccination (Scienceinpublic.com.au, 2013). According to 2009 National Immunization Survey conducted in United States of America,Show MoreRelatedVaccinations Persuasive Essay1587 Words à |à 7 PagesVaccination has been brought up again in recent years even when vaccines have been around for about one thousand years. However, with recent outbreaks of measles, some see as preventable disease through vaccines, the main controversy of vaccination has once again been brought up due to parents concerns of safety of their children. Parents now are wondering if vaccinations are the best thing for their children due to reports that vaccines cause autism and other brain disabilities. Although, the linkRead MoreThe Benefits of Vaccinations Essay1148 Words à |à 5 Pagesthanks to state laws that require vaccinations for kids enrolling in kindergarten, the U.S. presently enjoys the highest immunization rate ever at 77%. Yet bubbling beneath the se national numbers is the question about vaccine safety. Driven by claims that vaccinations can be associated with autism, increasing number of parents are raising questions about whether vaccines are in fact harmful to children, instead of helpful (Park, 2008). Positives for Vaccinations For many years before the developmentRead MorePublic Health Association Of Australia1448 Words à |à 6 Pagesinformation sessions (communicative intervention) targeting pregnant women in antenatal clinics and parents in schools should be organised about 2-3 times per year. These sessions would stress on explaining the expected benefits and importance of vaccinations, with ââ¬Å"question-timeâ⬠periods to enable parents to clear out any doubts. Take-home informative brochures would also be designed and distributed. Improving access (facilitative intervention) to parents from remote and rural areas is also anotherRead MoreVaccination Of Children Should Be Compulsory1847 Words à |à 8 Pages What are some of the objections to childhood vaccinations that have been made by various stakeholders? Given the basis for these objections, should the vaccination of children be compulsory? Compare examples from developed and developing countries. Mr Teanibuaka Tabunga: ID: 18260601 Course: ELB ââ¬Æ' Introduction Vaccinations of children are one of the global health commitment to improving the children s health and free them from preventableRead MoreEssay on The Vaccines for Children2506 Words à |à 11 Pagesnecessarily be able to afford or maintain appropriate health care thus having the children miss much needed vaccines. This program helps to ensure that all children, regardless of ability to pay have an improved chance of getting their recommended vaccinations on time. Vaccines available through the VFC Program are those recommended by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices also known to health care professionals as ACIP. Funding of this program comes from OMB, Office of Management BudgetRead MorePolicy Plan For Eradicate Yellow Fever Essay2148 Words à |à 9 Pagesclassified the outbreak as grade two emergencies and provided extensive support for disease surveillance, mass vaccination campaigns, social mobilization, and vaccination of travelers to control the outbreaks and prevent the global spread of the disease. This policy proposal will examine the vulnerable population, the issues of concern, evaluate existing policies, risk assessment for change, stakeholders involved, recommendations for change, and cost analysis or benefits for the proposed action plan. PopulationRead MorePh Business Skill Management Tool Beam Scenario Ideas1462 Words à |à 6 PagesHealth and Well-Being for All, Focus: Asthma As a county public health official you have a goal to Improve the countyââ¬â¢s profile on RWJFââ¬â¢s County Health Rankings. In order to achieve this you are trying to outline a plan to address the high rates of childhood asthma in the community. Here is a case that illustrates the problems faced. Raeshawn is an 11-year-old African-American boy who experiences difficulty breathing during gym class at school. Heââ¬â¢s had prior hospitalizations due to his asthma. He livesRead MoreThe Importance Of Immunizations On Children s Health1923 Words à |à 8 Pageswith it in the future. The body would be able to kill the infection, preventing the person vaccinated from becoming sick. Scientists have been able to create different types of vaccines to prevent the many different types of infections. There are five main classes of vaccines that babies and children receive. A live vaccine is one that has a weakened version of the virus. Even though the virus is alive, it will not cause the sickness in the person. The measles, mumps, rubella, and chickenpox vaccinesRead MoreVaccination Of Measles, Mumps And Rubella ( Mmr )1880 Words à |à 8 PagesThe medical establishment has a number of tools to deal with contagious diseases; one of the most efficient instruments to address contagious diseases such as measles and others are chart of vaccination. Vaccination is one of the key strategies that modern medicine has to deal with. It is one of the tools that medicines used to prevent the spread of diseases in vulnerable population particularly children and aged. It has been estimated that 5.9 million deaths are avoided annually through immunisationRead MoreThe High Rates Of Childhood Asthma1198 Words à |à 5 PagesAs a county public health official you have a goal to Improve the countyââ¬â¢s profile on RWJFââ¬â¢s County Health Rankings. To achieve this you are trying to outline a plan to address the high rates of childhood asthma in the community. Here is a case that illustrates the problems faced. Raeshawn is an 11-year-old African-American boy who experiences difficulty breathing during gym class at school. Heââ¬â¢s had prior hospitalizations due to his asthma. He lives in a housing development with ongoing problems maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-41288433181923921202020-05-06T22:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T22:33:05.037-07:00Increasing The Legal Drinking Age Limit - 1502 Words Increasing the Legal Drinking Age Limit According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), underage drinking is a leading public health problem in this country (NIH, 2016). The NIAAA also estimates that approximately 5,000 young people under the age of 21 die as a result of underage drinking (NIH. 2016). This includes about 1,900 deaths from motor vehicle crashes, 1,600 as a result of homicides, 300 from suicide (NIH. 2016). The National Minimum Drinking Age Act (NMDAA) was passed by Congress and signed by President Regan in 1984 (Miller, 2016). This law established a national drinking age of 21. Twenty-nine states made the decision to lower the legal drinking age but quickly changed it back to 21 after there was a rise among teenage and young adult highway deaths. Before NMDAA, states were responsible for establishing their own drinking ages that varied from the age of 18-21 (Miller, 2016). According to Miller, there is little doubt that many high school and college students are drinking in excess and irresponsibly (Miller, 2016). The current message is that one should wait until they are 21 to drink and/or purchase alcohol. If the drinking age were raised adults would have to take many things into consideration such as their driving record, criminal record and overall responsibility. Many adults do not want to risk losing any of this at the age of 25. Many 21 year olds live at home with their parents or attend college where binge drinking andShow MoreRelatedEconomics Intervention and Externalities Essay example939 Words à |à 4 Pagesevaluate a measure imposed by the government in order to combat a negative externality. Since the start of January, Netherlands has increased the legal drinking age in the country from 16 years to 18 years (Xuereb). The government simply tried to internalize the externalities caused due to drinking, by inflicting a new law that would ch ange the legal drinking age. The government believed that this would be beneficial to the society. The reasons that led to this change were the increased rates of alcoholRead MoreLowering The Legal Drinking Age1387 Words à |à 6 PagesThe concerns about safety involving alcohol, including alcohol-related fatalities, ââ¬Å"binge drinkingâ⬠, and long-term health effects, will not be compromised by lowering the legal drinking age to nineteen in the United States. Activists who wish to raise the legal minimum age frequently discuss the ways that driving while intoxicated endangers countless lives every day in the United States, and is an increasing problem in model Europe as well. However, drunk driving increases will secrecy, not withRead MoreThe Effects Of Lowering The Drinking Age1426 Words à |à 6 Pages underage drinking is perhaps one of the most controversial topics of our generation. Why do our young people disobey this law? Are they lost? Who will answer the call of t he lost? Having the age to drink legally at the age of 21 may seem like it would never be disobeyed; however, over time, underage drinking has become more and more prevalent. In todayââ¬â¢s society, a few choice young people have grown to control the desire to break the law to consume alcohol while at the appropriate age. However,Read MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words à |à 4 Pagesissue. My question is, ââ¬Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking ageâ⬠? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor stores. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if youââ¬â¢re 18 youââ¬â¢re portrayed as an adult, youââ¬â¢re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lowering the drinking age would be way too risky for themselves and othersRead MoreEssay on Underage Drinking in Australia64 2 Words à |à 3 PagesOver time, it has become a regular thing for citizens of Australian to drink excessive amounts alcohol; Australians of many different ages drink alcohol for a wide range of reasons; whether alcohol is being consumed due to a special occasion, for stress relief, or as an (not so good) anti-depressant. Alcohol, believe it or not makes a huge impact on Australians as young as 14. Statistics show that at least 90% of teenagers 14 years old and up have tried alcohol at least once, and estimates also showRead MoreControversy over the Drinking Age958 Words à |à 4 Pageswhat age should be considered the proper age to drink alcohol has been intensely debated. Since the 1980s, the nationwide legal drinking age has been 21 and older for the United States. However, this age limit imposed on the consumption of alcohol was controversial then, and it continues to be so today. In 2008, John McCardell, leader of Choose Responsibility and former president of Middlebury College, joined a campaign known as the Amethyst Initiative, which proposed lowering the drinking age toRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Should Be Lowered From The Age Of 21 Essay980 Words à |à 4 Pagesconsidered ââ¬Å"adultsâ⬠cannot even make their own decisions? The drinking age on alcohol is a controversial social and cultural issue in todayââ¬â¢s society; all fifty states have a minimum drinking age of 21. The legal drinking age should be lowered from the age of 21 to 18 allowing young adults to be granted the right to drink in restaurants, bars, at social events, in the comfort of their own home, and so on. If anything, lowering the legal drinking age would have a positive impact on the United Sates economyRead More Lower Legal Drinking Age Essays1249 Words à |à 5 Pages Since the states increased their drinking age to 21 in 1987, every citizen of this country between the ages of 18 and 20 have been oppressed by the very people elected to power to protect their rights. It is evident that the legal drinking age among Americans should be lowered to the legal age of adulthood, 18 years. At this age, any American can marry without their Parentââ¬â¢s approval and can move out of their guardianââ¬â¢s house and live on their own. Why are these adults deprived of their right toRead MoreNot Lowering the Drinking Age1642 Words à |à 7 PagesLowering the Drinking Age Many teenage deaths in the United States are caused in some way by the influence of alcohol; however, many people still believe that the legal drinking age should be reduced to eighteen. This issue has been going on for years, but the law has not been changed since the change to twenty-one in 1980. States have become stricter about preventing under-age drinking, but teenagers have no problem getting alcohol. There are many arguments in favor of changing the drinking age back toRead MoreAlcohol Is The Most Widely Used Social Drug Essay1281 Words à |à 6 Pagesââ¬Ëriskyââ¬â¢ drinking can cause serious health, personal and social problems. Heavy drinkers, binge drinkers and very young drinkers are at risk. Binge drinking is a particular problem among younger people, but anyone who drinks heavily or drinks too much in one session is at risk of both immediate and long-term alcohol related harm For children and young people under 18 years, not drinking is the safest option. Those who are under the age of 15 years of age at the greatest risk of harm from drinking alcohol maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-55922583504918630302020-05-06T06:55:00.001-07:002020-05-06T06:55:12.628-07:00John Dickinson free essay sample The politics and writings of John Dickinson. The paper starts with a brief outline of who Dickinson was and talks about his pre-Independence writings to the colonial population. It then analyzes and examines Dickinson?s beliefs and ideas regarding the economic, political, and social considerations involved in central government, regulation of trade, slavery, tariffs and taxation, and the right to vote. From the paper; John Dickinson, the leading opponent of John Adams in the debate upon the Declaration of Independence, has correctly been dubbed the ?Penman of the Revolution? by later historians. Besides writing the original Articles of Confederation, Dickinson served as a Pennsylvania legislator and represented that colony at the Stamp Act Congress and later, in the Continental Congress. Dickinson?s first elaborate publication against the new policy of the British cabinet was printed in 1765 and was entitled The Late Regulations Respecting the British Colonies on the Continent of America Considered. We will write a custom essay sample on John Dickinson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In his celebrated Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania to the Inhabitants of the British Colonies, Dickinson had a great influence in enlightening the American people on the subject of their rights, and preparing them for resistance. maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-55125987713916632962020-04-22T07:30:00.000-07:002020-04-22T07:32:05.963-07:00What is Economics an Example of the Topic Economics Essays byWhat is Economics? Economics refers to a social science that studies how various goods and services are produced, allocated and consumed (Mofid, 27). It can also be the study of the scarce economic resources and how they are used to satisfy human needs. There are two main branches of economics; microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is concerned with how individuals make decisions and how those decisions affect supply and price of goods and services in the economy. Microeconomics in a general point of view is all about making choices, scarcity and how the scarce resources satisfy the needs of an individual (Mofid, 28). Macroeconomics on the other hand gives an economy a wide point of view as it provides solutions to economic problems like unemployment, inflation and even taxation policies. Need essay sample on "What is Economics?" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed One of the reasons why people study economics is to understand how individuals and even governments try to use the scarce resources to satisfy the unlimited and insatiable human needs. Economics is also studied to help individuals understand the production concepts. This is the concept that outlines the process of production from the raw materials stage to the products in the market. The study of economics has helped many know what to sell and what to buy at what price to avoid losses. Companies and other business enterprises uses the business knowledge to know that one objective of business is to maximize the profits. The study of economics has really helped many governments and states to solve many national problems like unemployment, inflation and even the taxation policies have been understood well by the economic education. Generally, economics is a very vital subject to those who study it and currently it has been included in the curriculum of many colleges and universities. It has helped in solving many microeconomic and macroeconomic issues that surround us. The question of production which is critical in the development of states is well answered in economics. The appropriate allocation of the increasingly scarce resources determines this economic development. Works cited: FunQA.com. What are economic activities? FUnQA.com, 2007-2009. Web: July 12, 2010 from http://www.funqa.com/economics/724-Economics-2.html Mofid, Kamran. Promoting the common good: bringing economics & theology together again. London: Shepherad-Walwyn (Publishers) Ltd. 2005 maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-35679002396973665572020-03-16T17:47:00.001-07:002020-03-16T17:47:03.087-07:00Erotica v Pornography essaysErotica v Pornography essays Cages. Consider a birdcage. If you look very closely at just one wire in the cage, you cannot see the other wires. If your conception of what is before you is determined by this myopic focus, you could look at that one wire, up and down the length of it, and be unable to see why a bird would not just fly around the wire anytime it wanted to go somewhere. It is only when you step back, stop looking at the wires one by one...and take a macroscopic view of the whole cage, that you can see why the bird does not go anywhere; and then you will see it in a moment. It will require no great subtlety of mental powers. It is perfectly obvious that the bird is surrounded by a network of systematically related barriers, no one of which would be the least hindrance to its flight, but which, by their relations to each other, are as confining as the solid walls of a dungeon. It is safe to assume that every man and woman in America has seen some sort of pornography, whether it is a Calvin Klein billboard, or the latest issue of Playboy. The two may seem unrelated, but the link is that they both objectify women. People who view this material transform the human in the picture into an object of desire, an object that they wish to possess. As with everything, there are opponents to this sort of pornography, one of which is the feminist movement. A key player in this movement is Gloria Steinem, who has founded several women's foundations and written two books about women's rights. As a feminist, one of the things Steinem believes is that women are in a social position underneath men, and that there are several factors that contribute to this position, one of which is pornography. In Gloria Steinem's essay 'Erotica vs. Pornography', pornography is seen as objectifying women, and in doing so continues to keep them in a position of sublimation. She tries to prove that eradicating pornography would eliminate social injustices against women. S... maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-69858049040869525152020-02-29T08:13:00.001-08:002020-02-29T08:13:03.113-08:00Alliant health system From my point of view no strategy is perfectly sound. There are some or other lacking points in every strategy. In case of alliants strategy, although they have made quite advancements but in last 5yrs they have hit a few unexpected obstacles and drawbacks that has staggered their progress. alliants were only been able to lay the base. The working of alliants was facing the problem of in cordiality to the total quality management philosophy. For alliants to eliminate the problem the quality process still needs a jumpstart ,even the physicians show broader there view point, implementation of an IT system that fully supports total quality management by getting them the data and the important facts it need to have to in cooperate innovation in future in their organisation. Even the CEO wolford said that he cannot talk about any one area which is doing substantially well than its competitors. alliants were finding a problem to get plans into implementation. Even as per the statistics the unable to monitor rate was around 2% to 70%. How well have they implemented the quality strategy? Alliants thought of a new action plan to introduce total quality management with the help of quality management team with a 10 pointer action setup. This time they were determent that the implementation of plans takes up systematically. Mainly 4 area of TQM strategy were taken of well. 1) CARES+ this process was implemented all across the alliants. This helped in shifting from the traditional system of the planning to the improvement of the quality which was highly efficient. 2) EQUIP- this was an idea to give voice to the employees. They were allowed to share their point of view and give their ideas, innovations and communicate with the higher management of the organisation. 3) . Quality Improvement Teams- these teams brought the technicality and specific analytical tools to bring implementation in action. 4) . Critical Paths 3. Evaluate their information technology needs. Believed information technology (I/T) is a key in the future strength of TQM Need ââ¬Å"expert systems ââ¬â computers to help the mindâ⬠ââ¬Å"Was a shift in focus: to patient-oriented systems rather than functional, ââ¬Å"stove pipeâ⬠applications that met narrow departmental needs. Physicians, clinical support professionals, and administrators could share information and drive continuous improvement in service ââ¬Å"HELP offered advice on possible diagnoses, cost-effective treatments, resource scheduling, and drug contraindications. â⬠New I/T strategy offered significant advantages over Alliantââ¬â¢s existing patchwork of stand-alone systems: System worked concurrently ââ¬â advice was available as patient was being treated Had the potential to improve coordination dramatically by collecting data from all corners of the hospital into a single patient-centered system 4. Would you proceed with HELP? From my point of view, yes we should proceed with HELP. As this improving the quality, saving time and even the paper. This system has helped the hospital in making the whole organisation a one working unit. This is basically a single patient orient system that has all the information about every patient who has been admitted in any of their hospital in any other area. This has eliminated the repeated data and has been proved to be more productive, efficient and well organised. 5. What would you do to make sure implementation is successful? The steps which i would take will involve maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-47487244009768393382020-02-13T00:59:00.001-08:002020-02-13T00:59:03.201-08:00Role of Early Childhood Educator in prevention of Child Abuse EssayRole of Early Childhood Educator in prevention of Child Abuse - Essay Example 1). Evidently, as the family is unreliable, educators in diverse settings serve as reinforced resources for children to rely on in preventing further abuse. Types and Signs of Abuse Abuse can take a number of form, and not just on physical side, but can be on emotional aspects, neglect, and sexual violations in children. Having close interaction with young children, educators in schools and caregiver institutions should be aware on observable illicit signs of abuse. Physical abuse is not hard to identify, as cruel manhandling may range from burned skin, bruised, and lacerated body parts. Wounds from physical abuse are different from accidental injuries, as the former can occur on soft tissue, like ââ¬Å"cheeks, buttocks, and thighâ⬠while the latter are frequently seen on body areas such as ââ¬Å"knees, elbows, forearms, or brow.â⬠Typically, the material used as physical punishment can be observed on injured areas. Yet, other types of abuse are difficult to detect. Negle ct is the absence of considerable efforts in meeting the childrenââ¬â¢s biological and emotional needs. There is chronic inattention to well being of children, where parents leave them to inadequately fend for themselves. In emotional abuse, parents resort to verbal attacks and rejection through lack of parental concern and interest--resulting to ââ¬Å"developmental lags, psychosomatic symptoms ... (communication) disordersâ⬠(Crosson-Tower, 2003, p. 15, 19). Lastly, there is unacceptable sexual overture in sexual abuse. Extreme behavioral reactions vary; others withdraw from contact with others, while some become sexually aggressive--expressing the type of sexual abuse experienced through drawing or play-acting. Collectively, these are fundamental signs that confirm the type of abuse faced by children. Long Term Consequences Child abuse is a condition that can be carried towards adult life. Subconsciously, the type of abuse received influences the way abused children live. On the physical side, health consequences can irreversibly affect them. As affirmed by DiScala, Serge, Li, and Reece (2000), severe physical head injuries resulted to significant reduction in neurological-dependent activities. Several victims, then, suffered physical disabilities that interrupt physiological capacities in living. Psychologically, such events may lead to several psychiatric (personality and eating) disorders, depressive status, ââ¬Å"posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance abuseâ⬠(MacMillan et al., 2001, p. 1878). The effects of abuse are more of maladaptive defense copings, where childrenââ¬â¢s life-esteem is extremely low and academic performance is negatively affected (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2008). As these are treated as abnormal conditions, society shuns them from social activities while insisting that they submit to treatment for such conditions. The society, as large, takes care of such events by funding welfare programs that assist abused children lead normal lives. Citizens in society indirectly fund the negative impact of child abuse, as taxpayersââ¬â¢ funds are drawn to pay community expenditures for juvenile and adult detention cells, and victims of psychiatric conditions. By large, the cost of supporting such expenses can be traced back to the behavioral impact of experiencing the categories of maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-87309084511165221982020-02-01T02:50:00.001-08:002020-02-01T02:50:03.362-08:00Managing across Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsManaging across Cultures - Essay Example There are significant differences which are caused by cultural outlook when it comes to working in an organization. Values in the work place are significantly affected by culture. . A study of US multinational corporations found out that poor intercultural management skills still constitute a major management problem. (Deresky) Theories and Models of culture Different researchers and sociologists have proposed different theories about cultural dimensions. Notable amongst these are the Geert Hofstede's theory of cultural dimensions and the 7d model developed by Fons Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner. There is a growing body of research that focuses on how cultures vary. This research ranges from the pioneering efforts of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (1961) to the widely referenced approach of Hofstede (1980), to the recent work of Hampden-Turner and Trompenaar (1993). The Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck (Kluckhohn, 1961) model has identified six basic dimensions which cover the cultural orientation in societies. These include people's view of nature, humanity and interpersonal relationships. These also include how people view of activity and achievement; time and space. Hofstede (Hofstede G. , 1980) cultural dimensions provide a more comprehensive analysis of cultural dimensions amongst different nations and countries. He focused on 160000 managers and employers of IBM in 60 different countries and found four dimensions of cultural differences which set these countries apart from each other. These dimensions are individualism vs. collectivism, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity vs. femininity and form the basis for work related attitudes. The most recent cultural model is that of Hampden-Turner and Trompenaar released in 1993. 15000 international managers were administered questionnaires and value differences of practitioners of capitalism were identified. These values include: universalism vs. particularism, analyzing vs. integrating, individualism vs. co mmunitarianism, inner-directed vs. outer-directed orientation, time as sequence vs. time as synchronization, achieved status vs. ascribed status, and equality vs. hierarchy. Limitations of the Hofstede model Though these models are very useful in analyzing the culture of different countries but they have certain limitations. First and the foremost the fact that the averages of that certain country do not relate to the individuals of that country and extreme variations may be possible. Thus the Hofstede model can be used as a guide to understand different cultures but is not an absolute dictation. Secondly, the data collected by all these sociologists was collected by different questionnaires and therefore limitations could also be applied to the data that was collected. And lastly since it has been considerable amount of time since that research, it is very much possible that the country's culture has changed either by external or internal influences. (Geert Hofstede cultural dimens ions) Analysis of different countries and their cross cultural differences affecting work. The two different cultures selected to analyze are the American and the Mexican culture and the problems which may arise as a result of the differences in cultural values which effect work value and habits. Remarkable differences cause problems at work when maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-64203731930263291162020-01-23T23:14:00.001-08:002020-01-23T23:14:03.673-08:00The Awakening :: essays research papers Edna Pontellier 	The Awakening, which was written by Kate Chopin, received a great deal of criticism when it was first published in 1899. Much of the controversy over the novel arose because of the character of Edna Pontellier. Edna was very much unlike the women of her time. In today's terms she would be considered a rebel. Edna opposed the traditional roles of society that kept many restraints on the women of the 1800's. According to traditional society of the 1800's women were assigned the duties of tending the home, caring for their husband, and bearing children. On the other hand, the men of this time were to be considered the authority of the household and were basically in charge of what goes on throughout the household internally and externally as well as mentally and physically. It is Edna's choice to disobey these roles and her need for self-discovery, which cause a shocking end to this adventure to find her true self. 	In her critique, the female artist in Kate Chopin's The Awakening: Birth and Creativity, Carlene Stone takes the reader through stages of Edna's struggle to become an artist showing direct correlation with her becoming and individual and in control of her own self. For example she states how Robert's encouragement while she is painting is very innocent in the beginning but eventually lead's to the awakening of her passions of her body and her falling in love with Robert. The fact that Edna falls for Robert goes against those societal roles which where followed by some many women of the 1800's. Robert plays a big role in Edna's self-development through artistry and love by being a huge source of imaginative power. Stone then goes on making references to the scene in which she grows tired during Mass and leaves with Robert who takes her to Madame Antoine's home. She states that stories told by Madame Antoine represents the oral tradition of art and that this day is the high point o f Edna's imagination and she will return to it in her memory as she paints. Another form of art in which Stone refers to is structured art, which is supplied by Mme. Reisz. Mme. Reisz plays her music with great feeling and art, which evokes pictures in Eden's mind and her passions of her body, arise once again. These pictures and passions once again contribute greatly to the continuing development of Edna's artistic growth, which continues to lead to her self-discovery. maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-61896253040711625972020-01-15T19:36:00.001-08:002020-01-15T19:36:04.201-08:00Early Intervention Reducing Recidivism Among ChildrenEarly Intervention reducing recidivism among children and adolescent offenders Student number: s2875363 Student name: Kate Oââ¬â¢Reilly Course name: CCJ10 Introduction to Forensic Psychology Enrollment: External, Griffith University Course convener: Dr. Myesa Knox Mahoney Course tutor: Domanic De Andrade Date due: Wed 23rd Jan 2013 Word count: 1430 It has been widely acknowledged that crime has consequences for individuals and society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).So it has been widely accepted that children and adolescents with antisocial behaviour are a societal problem (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Antisocial behavior is characterised by violent offences such as robbery and assault causing harm to not only its victims but to society as well (Helmond, Overbeek & Brugman, 2012). Society pays the price for crime not only in loss of personal effects and medical costs but also in the cost of incarceration to the tax payers (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).It is the antisocial behaviour, that is targeted in early interventions, in an attempt to diminish delinquency (Hollin & Palmer, 2009). Studies have been undertaken that provide evidence that intervention is effective and benefits the whole of society (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). In this essay, focus will be drawn specifically to intervention and itââ¬â¢s part in curbing recidivism in juvenile offenders.The impact of early intervention for young offenders will be explored in detail, and some examples of early interventions, how and why they work, will be examined and this research will support the success of early interventions and their effectiveness in fighting recidivism. In exploring the rationale of young offenders we uncover reasons why early intervention can lessen the rate of recidivism and in some cases effectively quell re offending. Research has been conducted showing that the brains growth does not stop before at least the early twenties (Buchen, 2012).This means that adolescents are far more likely to act befor e considering the consequences, they are impetuous, and easily influenced by their peers (Buchen, 2012). Now more than ever campaigners for youths are working towards less punishment and more importantly far more opportunity for intervention or rehabilitation (Buchen, 2012). Research into crime has shown that criminal activities occurring in adulthood have been found to follow a youthââ¬â¢s career of criminal activity and antisocial behaviour, developing into an adult re-offender, (Ou & Reynolds, 2010).Youth offenders show predictors early in life that include the sex, race and ethnicity of the juvenile, as well as aggression, and antisocial behaviour in childhood (Ou & Reynolds, 2010). They can be coerced to offend simply because of stressors in their lives (Sealock & Manasse, 2012). In some cases studies have enabled prediction of delinquency that can then allow prevention of youth involvement in the juvenile justice system all together, (Sealock & Manasse, 2012).Where this is not the case and a young person is incarcerated, early intervention is required to curb re-offenders. Mentally ill juveniles will offend three times as often as other juveniles, and for these offenders imprisonment can be fruitless causing significant increase in symptoms instead of reversing environmental damage and improving their skills as it is intended (Erickson, 2012). This puts them further at risk are mentally ill juveniles, for whom demanding life events, such as loss of job or family breakdown, will often lead to violence as a response (Markowitz, 2011).For these mentally ill youths social opportunities can be limited, they will have difficulty finding a job, stable accommodation and a support network (Markowitz, 2011). There often limited opportunities for intervention before the fact (Markowitz, 2011). Because of this some offenders tend towards homelessness and crimes of survival such as shoplifting and trespassing, some committing these non-violent crimes as a way of s eeking intervention they would not otherwise have access to (Hinday, 1997).Symptoms of mental illness include; impulsivity and impaired judgment and can cause already hotheaded youths to act in antisocial ways (Hinday, 1997). A form of intervention that continually arises in research looking at young offenders is the use of cognitive behavioural therapy or modification. Cognitive Behavioural therapy is founded on social learning, and adopts the theory that offenders have learned unsuitable ways of behaving due to their environment (McGuire, 2003).Many intervention plans include this type of treatment, sometimes coupled with psychiatric treatments (Jones, Chancey, Lowe & Risler, 2010). Cognitive behavioural techniques encourage offenders to think through a situation, instead of ensuing their immediate response. A reaction that can often be impetuous and self-centered attitudes that increase the likelihood of anti-social behavior (McGuire, 2003). In cognitive behavioural therapy an of fenders learning is conditioned, they are trained to eradicate maladaptive actions (McGuire, 2003).Cognitive, rehabilitation or intervention programs aim to bring changes to youth offenders (Jones et al. , 2010). Young adults, who spend time incarcerated, carry with them a high likelihood of recidivism when they return from correctional facilities and attempt to transition back into society, (James, Stams, Asscher, De Roo &Van der Laan, 2013). Research has provided a variety of reasons as too why juveniles find it so difficult when re engaging with society, one important reason explained by James et al,. 2013) is that not only are they coming to terms with the challenges of relocation from a juvenile facility back into every day life but they are doing this while simultaneously coping with the move from adolescents into adult hood. Helmond et al. , (2012) Discusses an intervention program constructed by cognitive-behavioural therapy called EQUIP, a program designed to communicate to young antisocial offenders who would be reintegrating into society, ways of acting and thinking responsibly. The EQUIP program is used in correctional facilities all over the world.EQUIP incorporates a positive peer culture in which parties want to support others due to developing feelings of responsibility for them. The main focus of EQUIP is to address mental misrepresentation, deficiencies, and social and moral skills (Helmond et al. , 2012). A private not-for-profit agency, Hillside in the US, is a provider of intervention services for mentally ill young people and their families or guardians (Jones et al. , 2010). This program includes community-based services and a residential treatment facility, which treats participants under a program called Interpersonal Skills Program (Jones et al. 2010). Treatment through this program includes structured framework, group therapy and individual therapy as well as family therapy (Jones et al. , 2010). Hillsideââ¬â¢s program works on co gnitive behavioural treatment focusing on mental distortions, managing and assessing risk as well as avoiding situation leading to relapse (Jones et al. , 2010). For those adolescents in the justice system who require treatment for substance abuse, this can be a form of early intervention as offenders can be sent to juvenile drug court (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Substance abuse treatment programs in collaboration with the juvenile justice system provide this method of intervention where youths are educated and put through an intensive program of rehabilitation as opposed to incarceration (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). High recidivism amidst adolescents has encouraged the government to provide funding from the government to develop and maintain re-integration as intervention, following the lack of success using probation-only in the attempt to prevent adolescents re-offending (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). James, et al. (2013), found that this type of program referred to as after care has had great success when starting a program during incarceration and when aimed at youths with a high risk of re-offending. Another successful after care program was developed by the Robert Wood Johnson foundation and is called Reclaiming Futures (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). The program Reclaiming Futures deploys affirmative youth development and leadership building and efforts on leadership expansion in the community, a community that can offer assistance to bridge life in incarceration to life in society through constructive growth activities (Nissen & Pearce, 2011).Something that Reclaiming Futures does well is bring together suitable intervention and the needs of the adolescent offenders, and this provides an empathetic network around young people with the result being rarer occasions of violations when in parole (Nissen & Pearce, 2011). Early interventions have been found to reduce the rate of recidivism when they target young offenders. As evidence suggests a career criminal is likely to beg in offending as a child, not suddenly as an adult.Therefore intervention that targets change of behaviours, physically and mentally at an early age, prove effective. Intervention is successful at an early age because medically, an individualââ¬â¢s brain does not stop developing until their late twenties. As a result, adolescents can react impulsively to situations, leading to antisocial and criminal behaviour then ultimately to prosecution. The chances of this situation arising are heightened in mentally ill youths however, by incorporating the various approaches of early intervention a program can be planned base on an individual needs assessment.This plan is determined by the offence committed, and requirements of the youth, and allows positive outcomes to be achieved. All research suggests that the affirmative results are the product of early interventions. References Buchen, L. (2012). Science in court : arrested development. Nature, 484(7394), 304-306. DOI:10. 1038/484304a E rickson, C. D. (2012). Using Systems of Care to Reduce Incarceration of Youth with Serious Mental Illness. American Journal of Community Psychology, 49(3-4), 404ââ¬â416. DOI 10. 1007/s10464-011-9484-4 Gibbs, J. C. , Potter, G.B. , Barriga, A. Q. & Liau, A. K. (1996). Developing the helping skills and prosocial motivation of aggressive adolescents in peer group programs. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1(3), 283-305. DOI:à 10. 1016/1359-1789(95)00018-6à Helmond, P. , Overbeek, G. & Brugman, D. (2012). Program integrity and effectiveness of a cognitive behavioral intervention for incarcerated youth on cognitive distortions, social skills, and moral development. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9),1720ââ¬â1728. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2012. 05. 001 Hiday,à V. A. 1997). Understanding the connection between mental illness and violence. International journal of law and psychiatry, 20(4), 399-417. DOI:à 10. 1016/S0160-2527(97)00028-9à Hollin, C. R. & Palm er, E. J. (2009). Cognitive skills programmes for offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 15(2-3), 147-164. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/10683160802190871à James, C. , Stams, G. J. J. M. , Asscher, J. J. , De Roo, A. K. & Van Der Laan, P. H. (2013). Aftercare programs for reducing recidivism among juvenile and young adult offenders: A meta-analytic review.Clinical Psychology Review, 33(2), 63ââ¬â274. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. cpr. 2012. 10. 013à Jones, C. D. , Chancey, R. , Lowe, A. & Risler, E. A. (2010). Residential Treatment for Sexually Abusive Youth: An Assessment of Treatment Outcomes. Research on Social Work Practice. 20(2), 172-182. DOI:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1177/1049731509333349à à Markowitz, F. E. (2011). Mental illness, crime, and violence: Risk, context, and social control. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 16(1), 36ââ¬â44. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. avb. 2010. 10. 003à McGuire, J. (2003).Offenderà Rehabilitationà andà Treatmentà Effective Programmes an d Policies to Reduce Re-offending. Retrieved from http://www. swin. eblib. com. au. ezproxy. lib. swin. edu. au/patron/FullRecord. aspx? p=146239&echo=1&userid=znHAXBQDThLw9bSY1Xo67Q%3d%3d&tstamp=1358851968&id=4B65141F70B1486C0EA05198C182C8FA6D56A7DB Nissen, L. B. & Pearce, J. (2011). Exploring the implementation of justice-based alcohol and drug intervention strategies with juvenile offenders: Reclaiming Futures, enhanced adolescent substance abuse treatment, and juvenile drug courts.Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 60ââ¬â65. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2011. 06. 014à Ou, S. ,& Reynolds, A. J. (2010). Childhood predictors of young adult male crime. Children and Youth Services Review, 32(8), 1097ââ¬â1107. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. childyouth. 2010. 02. 009à Sealock, M. D. & Manasse, M. (2012). An uneven playing field: The impact of strain and coping skills on treatment outcomes for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(3), 238ââ¬â248. DOI:à 10. 1016/j. jcrimjus. 2012. 02. 002 maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-77653428987262429262020-01-07T15:59:00.001-08:002020-01-07T15:59:04.510-08:00Civil Wars vs Terrorism - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1890 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/08 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: Civil War Essay War Essay Did you like this example? Civil Wars vs Terrorism Civil wars occur a lot more than most may think, and with as much media coverage that there is nowadays, it doesnt seem rare anymore to have a terrorist attack. These are two very sad events. A civil war is defined as a war in which the main participants are within the same state, such as the government and a rebel group (pg. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Civil Wars vs Terrorism" essay for you Create order 237 of textbook). Terrorism is defined as the use or threatened use of violence against noncombatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political ends (pg. 264 of textbook). Civil wars and terrorism do not appear to be the same on the outside, but with further digging, it is easy to see how the two might go hand-in-hand. These two groups definitely have their differences, but they share very similar characteristics during bargaining failure. In civil wars, most of the time, there is a rebel group fighting against the government. There may also be a rebel group fighting against another rebel group with a different ideology. Scholars say that in order for a war to be considered a civil war there must be at least 1,000 deaths related to the war, and the deaths have to be made up of both sides. Therefore that means that a tyrant ruler can not poison their civilians and kill 1,000s and call it a civil war. From 1945 to 1999, interstate wars were responsible for the deaths of 3 million people, while civil wars killed more than 16 million (pg. 237 of textbook), civil wars can be extremely costly for civilians. A main cause of civil war is a group using violence to fight for, typically, a political interest. Sometimes, foreign countries will get involved and help a rebel group because they share the same ideology. For example, a foreign country may send aide through money, resources, troops, training, or sometimes even sanctuary. A foreign country getting involved in a civil war can get very complicated. Another negative impact of a civil war is there may be a lot of refugees trying to flee the country and move into another country. That problem in itself creates a domino effect of problems with it. This can create a burden for neighboring states that feel like they have to bring these people in. There is typically a crime and conflict increase that come with the people as well. Since there are many factors that influence foreign states, the United Nations describes civil wars as threats to international peace and security. Because of this, they can send peacekeepers to try and intervene when necessary. The textbook says, of the 69 peacekeeping operations by the UN in 1948-2014, 39 were conflict within one state and 12 were for both international and civil dimensions. This shows that even thou gh a civil wars physically occurs in one state/country, does not mean that it only involves that state, many foreign sides can get involved. If rebelling against a government causes this much death and controversy, then why do it? Typically, rebel groups have had enough of social injustice within their country. Rebel groups can be created through people having similar interest when their economic or social-well being is harmed. They have three options: try to leave the state, change the states policies, or try to take over the state. This obviously creates a lot of conflict in territory, policy, and regime. When a rebel group wants to own their own land from the territory, they are called Separatists. This will take place when a group thinks they can do a better job of governing themselves than the current government they are under. On the flip side, rebel groups are called irredentist if they want to take a piece of territory and attach it onto another country. This will happen when a neighboring country has the same beliefs that the rebel group may be fighting for. For example, this happened in Great Britain when there was decades of conflict with the Catholic group of Northern Ireland. This group wanted to join with the rest of Ireland because they were alike, as they were majority Catholic. These groups are motivated by their greed or grievances. They try to persuade the government by sometimes using violence to get what they want, or they may try to take over the government altogether. Sometimes countries have problems maintaining people who are unsatisfied with their country. The groups who are unhappy either get a start from a popular fan base, someone who has a lot of money, or someone who is high up in the government. There are three factors that rebel groups use to form and to take action. The first factor is the group explanation. This means that a group who strongly shares the same views tend to trust each other better, which can make them more powerful and harder to control. Another factor is at the country level. The way the country typically handles their conflict can tell a lot about how a rebel group may handle conflict. If a country normally handles things violently, a rebel group is more likely to handle things violently as well, and vise versa. At the country level, money is also another factor. In a poorer country, they have more reason to be unhappy than richer countries. Richer countries can also afford a better defense, which may discourage rebel groups from trying to take it over. Finally, the last factor to civil war is internationally. There are international factors because a foreign country may agree with a rebel side and try to help them. This can create a proxy war. A proxy war is when two foreign countries fight because they side with two different sides in a civil war. For example, this happened during the Cold War. China and the Soviet Union supported Communist rebels and the United States supported rebels in Pro-Soviet Union governments. While there are many factors into civil war, there are also many factors into terrorism that differ. The main difference between terrorism and civil war is that terrorists want to instill fear into the civilians while rebel groups are fighting for what they think is right. Another difference is that terrorism can happen internationally. Although terrorism is most common in its host state, it is not uncommon in foreigns states either. Terrorist groups are typically much smaller and less centrally governed than rebel groups, which means they are less capable of starting a civil war. Terrorist groups are very dangerous and violent and can make recruiting for them very hard. They are considered extremist and this means that their views and the way they carry them out are not so popular. They will randomly attack businesses and diplomatic missions, for the most part. For example, Al Qaeda during 9/11 targeted the Pentagon, World Trade Center, and the White House. Terrorist groups are very extreme and will match that with their extreme actions. There are some differences between terrorism and civil wars/rebel groups as discussed, but there are also similarities. The main similarity is that they result from a bargaining failure. There are three bargaining failures that help civil wars and terrorism occur. The bargaining failures for both groups come from incomplete information, commitment problems, and indivisibilities. Incomplete information means that either the government or the group did not have all the correct information to respond in the right way. A big part of incomplete information for both these groups is typically the government does not know the actual size of the rebel/terrorist group they are going up against. Terrorist groups tend to over exaggerate their size. This can lead to their threats not being so credible. For example, there were plenty of signs from Bin Laden about 9/11, but they were not taken very seriously because there were other more credible threats that the FBI was dealing with. Another difference between these two groups and incomplete information, is rebel groups are more likely to communicate what they want than terrorist groups. Terrorist typically act on surprise and very unpredictable. Incomplete information occurs in both of these groups. Another factor they share is the commitment problems between these groups and the government. Disputes of these extremes can be very hard to solve and can create a long and costly war. If it happens to get to the point where they can talk out an agreement, a big problem still allies. How does the government know the rebel/terrorist group will be truthful and really lay down their arms and vice versa? How do these groups know the government wont take severe action after theyve laid down their arms? A government is going to want these groups to disarm and demobilize. The groups are going to want the government to agree to give them what they want. These disputes rarely end in a peaceful manner. Typically, one side will completely fight for what they want and win it all. Since the rebels and terrorists have no central power this makes them weak for negotiations. They can not be sure that every member of the group will obey them. There may be people in the group who refuse to lay down th eir arms even if peace is settled. That could create another rebel/terrorist group and take everything back to square one. This can create commitment problems. The third factor that these two groups have in common is their bargaining failure through indivisibilities. This seems to be the toughest of the three, because sometimes the reason the groups are fighting are for undividable causes. For example, a group may be fighting for a certain religion and that is very hard to negotiate. This is why suicide bombers do what they do, they show the government that they would rather give up their life for what they believe in than to give up what they are fighting for. This puts the government in a sticky situation, because if they give in to just one group who is fighting for what they believe in, it could encourage other groups to then try and fight for what they believe in also. This shows the government as very weak for easily giving into a group. There is a great example of this that occured in Russia. Russia fought in two extremely costly civil wars because the Chechens wanted to break away from them. There would have been less of a cost to R ussia if they would have just let them go. However, there are more than 100 cultures in Russia and if they were to let the first group go easy, that could have influenced the other cultures to do the same. Indivisibilities are the hardest part for the government, but they are where rebels and terrorists are greatly alike. Civil wars involve rebel groups and terrorist attacks involve terrorists. A main difference between the two groups is rebel groups are fighting for a cause in their own country and may be more willing to peacefully agree with a government. A terrorist group on the other hand is going to attack civilians and use surprise violence to try and achieve what they want. Both groups do not have a central power so they can be a little sloppy. They both have similarities with the three bargaining factors. After further digging, the differences and similarities between the two events can be made clear. maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-74432017314139766632019-12-30T12:25:00.001-08:002019-12-30T12:25:03.987-08:00How Poverty Effects Character - 2276 Words The Role of Wealth in Our World Poverty is something we all love to talk about when it comes to other people. Unfortunately, when it comes to ourselves itââ¬â¢s a different story. Sooner or later we find out where we stand in the social ladder in life. We find out if we have less than we thought we had or vice versa. I remember the first time I truly learned to appreciate the things that I had. Back in 8th grade I had a friend named Daniel and he lived in a mansion. After a few months of hanging out with him, I started to feel jealousy over the amount of wealth his family had. It made me so angry that Daniel lived in a mansion and I was just a regular middle class kid. What I ended up finding out though is that Danielââ¬â¢s relationship with hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦He discovered a suit case filled with $100,000 and was given a second chance in life. However, due to how he was raised and the type of people he grew up around, like his mother who he called a ââ¬Å"bar whoreâ⬠, this created a very bad influence which lingered into his adult life. Along with this wealth he found that his family was willing to bring him into their lives once more. For once in over 20 years Ted had everything he wanted and he destroyed it pretty quickly. Ted was very hesitant to get a job or something to fall back on. He is constantly warned week after week by his family to get a job or invest it wisely into a rental property. This idea was foreign to Ted due to his mentality and work ethic. When Ted was homeless, he would only look forward to the end of the day. Weeks went by and Ted did not abandon this foolish mentality which ended up costing him all of his money and the respect of his family. Even though Ted was basically given a second chance in life, he messed it up due to his background of short term goals and bad work ethic. Human nature is a powerful drug that is deep within us all and is waiting for a perfect opportunity to expose itself. Wealth is known to do many things to a man. Some say it changes people, but I disagree. Wealth actually tends to bring out peopleââ¬â¢s true colors. In the short essay ââ¬Å"My Woodâ⬠by E.M. Forster, he portrays himself obtaining a large amount ofShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of As I Lay Dying 1682 Words à |à 7 PagesProfession of Poverty As Robert Kennedy once said, ââ¬Å"I believe that, as long as there is plenty, poverty is evilâ⬠(Kennedy). Money and wealth contribute to the image a person presents. In a world based on standards such as those, the wealthy will seem to be superior to the poor and that almost never ends in a positive way. William Faulkner, author of As I Lay Dying, was aware of the effects of poverty and took the opportunity to use his characters to depict poverty s effects. The novel takes placeRead MoreThe Other Wes Moore And Its Consequences889 Words à |à 4 PagesPoverty is one of the main subject matters that is present in the book of The Other Wes Moore, and its consequences are revealed through various outcomes that are being portrayed by both characters. Poverty is being characterized through the social environment that both characters live in. Both Wes Mooreââ¬â¢s were living in an environment that had an impact not only on the way they behave, but also their psychological behav iour. ââ¬Å"Living in the Bronx and Baltimore had given me the foolish impressionRead MoreThe Film Crash By Paul Haggis992 Words à |à 4 PagesThere are many social issues that plague our society and many of these problems are closely related to social class and race. Some of these issues include prejudice, individual discrimination, institutional discrimination, relative poverty, absolute poverty, and social class. Much of this is touched upon in Paul Haggisââ¬â¢ 2004 film Crash that even over a decade after its release the social issues brought up in the film still apply. 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(TS) Throughout the book Under The Persimmon Tree, Mrs. Staples incorporates several real world concepts into the plot and details to advance the plot and characterization. (MIP-1) One real world concept that was inserted into the book is the effects that the Talibanââ¬â¢s regime has on the countries they occupy. (SIP-A) One of these effects is the increaseRead MoreClassic Principal of Argument Essay example891 Words à |à 4 Pagesin writing or face-to-face. To accomplish that goal, a writer should imply the three classical principles of argument; ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos occurs when an author gains respect based on his or her character. Authors use ethos to convince their audience based on his or her character. Authors using pathos in an argument, it persuades the audience through emotions. Logos supports the argument by reasoning (Lamm amp; Everett, 2007) (Dlugan, 2010). An author uses logos to persuade his or herRead MoreA Child s Education Is Vital991 Words à |à 4 PagesWhat is poverty and does social class shape the character of a childââ¬â¢s life and education, especially those children of poverty? These questions are important t o consider for educators and all involved in the goal for children to have greater achievement. It s even more important to note that forty percent of the poor, in the United States, are children (Stevenson, 1997). Knowing this is the reason that finding solutions and studying the effects of parent involvement, both at school and at homeRead MoreQuestions On Equity And Education1741 Words à |à 7 Pagesis affecting the students in poverty (Nielson, 2013). There has also been a problem with tracking students and the way that the school sorts them out. Depending on race, low academics, special ed. and the non-white students are also disproportionally represented and subject to discipline policy that removes them from school (Nielson, 2013). Poverty Poverty is a huge issue in a childââ¬â¢s educational success. That does not mean that children living in poverty will never be successful, butRead MoreConsequences Of Poverty In Oliver Twist By Charles Dickens1306 Words à |à 6 Pagesmany interrelated ideas.it is concentrated with the miseries of poverty and the spread of its degrading effects through society,Many evils are awaken in the society because of poverty for instance hunger, homelessness illiteracy etc.which was shown clearly in the novel.one of the worst consequences of poverty and being deprived of lifeââ¬â¢s essential is crime,with all of its corrosive effects on human nature.in the Victorian era,poverty experienced was extreme in case of the working classes.the mostRead MoreBehind the Beautiful Forevers Essay1136 Words à |à 5 PagesBrett Potter HST 104 Section 002 Yixin Chen 27 November 2012 The Poverty of Annawadi as seen in Behind the Beautiful Forevers The city of Mumbai has seen much growth in the past years. A string of elegant hotels have been set up for travelers and high-class business men. An ever growing, top of the line airport has been built for those coming in and out of the country. From the outside, Mumbai seems to have taken a liking to being internationally integrated with the rest of world, otherwise maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-4630955225208863212019-12-22T08:13:00.001-08:002019-12-22T08:13:03.123-08:00Coming Home Essay - 785 Words How does the poet bring out the theme of ââ¬Ëpassing of timeââ¬â¢ in the poem ââ¬ËComing Homeââ¬â¢? The poem ââ¬ËComing Homeââ¬â¢ by Owen Sheers, explores the description of the poets visits to his family, and how the passage of time has changed some things and make some things feel odd. There are three main characters in this poem, namely the mother, father and the grandfather, as well as the narrator, who is the poet and reflecting on this visit of his. It is in the form of omnipresent narration, which gives it somewhat of a constant flow throughout each stanza. The reflection is done in a low tone, which makes the reader not focus at any particular part of the poem, while the vivid imagery and attention to detail captivates the readers mind throughout theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This stanza ends in a grim fashion, which is ââ¬Å"it is a tune that he plays faster each yearâ⬠, which tells us that time has taken a severe toll on his grandfather, and that there is nothing that those around him can do but hope for his wellbeing. Finally, I would like to say that this poem paints an accurate picture of aging and passage of time in real time, and though it is grim, it is nothing but the truth that is seen in the worldShow MoreRelatedComing for to carry me home Essay1549 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe main ideas of the song and overall this verse is repeated three times throughout the song: ââ¬Å"Swing Low Sweet Chariot, Coming for to carry me home.â⬠In this verse the ââ¬Å"Chariotâ⬠refers to the people who control the Underground Railroad. Thus, the singer is informing the slaves to be aware and prepare to escape (Jones 1). Throughout the song ââ¬Å"Coming for to carry me homeâ⬠is repeated in every verse. This represents the people who were against slavery. They were helping the slaves to get to theRead MoreComing Home From The Great War Diary Essay1056 Words à |à 5 PagesNovember 10, 1918 One more day! Tomorrow is the day father is coming home from the Great War and I couldnââ¬â¢t be any more excited than I already am! Heââ¬â¢s been gone for so long and Iââ¬â¢m really looking forward to this. Everythingââ¬â¢s going to be better. Mother wonââ¬â¢t be sad anymore and everything will be normal again. She wonââ¬â¢t be so tired from all of the work that father did when he was home. In my opinion, he shouldnââ¬â¢t have even left. He didnââ¬â¢t even have to go. He knew things were going to be hard forRead MoreImmigration Is Up Of The United States1274 Words à |à 6 Pages Flora Ho Prof. Rocklin Hist 152 Essay Assignment Question 1 Immigration makes up of the United States. The life of an immigrant faces many struggles. Coming to the United States is a very difficult time for immigrant, especially when English is not their first language. In Oscar Handlinââ¬â¢s essay, Uprooted and Trapped: The One-Way Route to Modernity and Mark Wymanââ¬â¢s Coming and Going: Round Trip to America, both these essays describes the life of immigrants living in America and how they are ableRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : English 102971 Words à |à 4 Pagessince the beginning of the semester. Coming in to this class, I knew that the rhetorical appeals were ethos, pathos and logos. However, I was not very proficient at using them in my writing. This class allowed me to practice using the rhetorical appeals it strengthen my writing. In my argumentative essay I used pathos to appeal to the reader emotions and to make them feel bad for the college athletes because they were not being paid. An example of this from my essay is w hen I used the quote, ââ¬Å"student-Read MoreHome Of Home Essay1135 Words à |à 5 PagesSimilarly, home is also defined differently for everyone. Some people might believe that home is just the house they live in, and with each move comes a new home. Others, however, believe that home is where their family is. People use family as a way to define home in slightly different ways. For example, in her essay ââ¬Å"On Going Home,â⬠Joan Didion writes about wanting to give her daughter ââ¬Å"homeâ⬠for her birthday. Didion describes her home as being where her family is. In his essay, ââ¬Å"Coming Home Again,â⬠Read MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Achievement Of Desire By Richard Rodriguez1330 Words à |à 6 PagesMarissa Foote Professor Mary Morley Composition 110 September 6, 2014 In the essay, ââ¬Å"Achievement of Desireâ⬠, author Richard Rodriguez, recalls the difficulties of balancing life as a thriving student and the life in a working class family. Growing up, Rodriguez was the exception to the stereotypical student coming from an immigrant/working class family. From an early age, he prospered in academics. He made school his top priority. Rodriguez spent time with his books rather than with family or friendsRead MoreThe Knife1115 Words à |à 5 PagesAnalysisThisà essay Short Stories- amp;Quot;The Knifeamp;Quot; By Judah Waten Textual Analysisà is available for you on Essays24.com! Search Term Papers, College Essay Examples and Free Essays on Essays24.com - full papers database. Autor:à à antonà à 24 November 2010Tags:à StoriesWords:à 2398à à à |à à à Pages:à 10Views:à 1338Save essay in my profilePrintable Version Essay:Pleaseà Upgrade your accountà to read the full essay. ---------------- Essays24.comà is one of the most comprehensive databases of essays, termRead MoreReading, And The Learning Environment Of English983 Words à |à 4 Pagesenvironment of English. Coming to this college my first year, I had taken an English class before Ms. Kuwabaraââ¬â¢s; I honestly did not like the other professor s teaching style, so, in the end, the class didnââ¬â¢t go well. As I started this semester I had a good feeling about being in your class again. Before, I had taken English 307 with you, and I had really enjoyed the class; if you can tell, I was never absent to your class because I felt I would miss something important. Coming into English 100 wasRead MoreJoan Didions on Going Home- Analysis Essay639 Words à |à 3 PagesIn Joan Didionââ¬â¢s essay, ââ¬Å"On Going Homeâ⬠Didion describes her experiences and thoughts on what defines her meaning of home. Didion uses many asyndetons and polysyndetons to emphasize her emotions and poses several rhetorical questions. Throughout the essay, Didion poses an important point that, perhaps her generation is the last to truly know the meaning behind the word ââ¬Å"homeâ⬠. The contributing factors to such conclusion derived from her personal experiences with her direct family (mother, fatherRead MoreEssay on An Individuals Reflection on Academic Writing 951 Words à |à 4 Pagespracticed constantly regularly. After three months of taking ESL 273, I have accumulated various experiences in writing advanced sentences and organizing academic essays which are really necessary for me to perform well in the next English course, ESL 5, as well as other classes. As a result, I think I am well-prepared and ready for the next coming course ESL 5. During the ESL 273 course, one of my strengths which is the ability of using various examples as well as explanations to reinforce my main maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-10857860935998834512019-12-14T04:42:00.001-08:002019-12-14T04:42:05.859-08:00The American Express Card Free Essays 9-509-027 REV: APRIL 22, 2011 JOHN A. QUELCH JACQUIE LABATT The American Express Card Marketing is fully integrated into our overall strategy. Our largest investor, Warren Buffett, is very focused on brand health and customer metrics. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Express Card or any similar topic only for you Order Now ââ¬â Kenneth I. Chenault In April 2008, Jud Linville, president and chief executive officer of U. S. Consumer Services at American Express Company, was preparing for a meeting with Ken Chenault, American Expressââ¬â¢s chairman and chief executive officer since 2001, and Al Kelly, president of American Express Company. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss further growth prospects in the United States for the American Express consumer card business while maintaining the brandââ¬â¢s premium positioning. The performance of the American Express card, launched 50 years earlier in 1958, had been remarkable. By 2008, there were 52 million American Express cards in circulation in the U. S. , held by 41 million ââ¬Å"cardmembersâ⬠(see Exhibit 1). American Express commanded nearly a 24% share of U. S. credit card payments. 1 As Linville prepared for the meeting, he wondered whether he could continue to rely on the same business growth drivers that had served American Express well in the past. With the U. S. economy slipping into recession, the proliferation of cards in the market required American Express to deepen its consumer understanding to provide innovative, value-added products that would attract and retain cardmembers. Company Background The American Express Company was a leading global payments and travel company with revenue net of interest expense of $27. 7 billion in 2007, up 10% from 2006. American Expressââ¬â¢s principal products and services included charge and credit card payment products and travel-related services offered to consumers and businesses around the world. American Express was the worldââ¬â¢s largest issuer of charge and credit cards as measured by the annual value of purchases charged on these cards. 3 Yet American Express maintained a ââ¬Å"best-in-classâ⬠credi t quality, reflecting in part the companyââ¬â¢s traditional focus on the affluent segment, its expertise in evaluating the credit risk of individual consumers, and its ongoing commitment to investing in risk capabilities. In 2007, around 70% of American Expressââ¬â¢s revenue net of interest expense and 85% of its pretax income from continuing operations5 was generated in the United States. The global diversity of the business included 86 million cards in force worldwide, more than 115 card-issuing or merchant-acquiring ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Professor John A. Quelch and Research Associate Jacquie Labatt prepared this case. HBS cases are developed solely as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not intended to serve as endorsements, sources of primary data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright à © 2008, 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-5457685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard. edu/educators. This publication may not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School.. This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card arrangements with banks and other institutions, and over 650 American Express network branded products. 6 Fortune magazine ranked American Express the ââ¬Å"Most Admiredâ⬠megabank/credit card company in its 2008 annual survey. 7 American Expressââ¬â¢s roots date back to 1850, when Henry Wells, William Fargo, and John Butterfield founded an express delivery company. The very nature of handling and transporting customersââ¬â¢ assets depended on security and trust, core attributes that had remained at the heart of the company and brand. In the late 1800s, American Express introduced financial products such as money orders and Travelers Cheques. The company later expanded into the travel business to further support its Travelers Cheques customers who were increasingly going abroad. The First Card The first American Express card targeting the business traveler was launched in 1958. The decision to enter this new business ââ¬Å"faced strong opposition within the company with senior leaders evenly divided on the issue. 8 The debate began when the Diners Club card was introduced in 1950. American Express recognized the card as a potential threat to the company as consumers began using this card as a substitute for Travelers Cheques. 9 Some argued that a charge card would cannibalize the Travelers Cheque business, while others believed competing car ds would hurt those sales regardless. There was further concern that launching a card would upset the American Automobile Association (AAA), one of American Expressââ¬â¢s largest distributors of Travelers Cheques. At the same time, AAA was known to be considering launching a card of its own. Finally, with the economy in recession, many executives argued that it was a risky time to be launching a charge card. Nevertheless, in December 1957, American Express president Ralph Reed decided to launch such a card without further delay, stating at the time: ââ¬Å"All we have to sell is service. â⬠When word of the cardââ¬â¢s imminent launch leaked, the company was inundated with calls from potential applicants. Further, the American Hotel Association approached American Express regarding forming an alliance, which gave the company an immediate customer base of 150,000 cardmembers and 4,500 participating merchants. 0 By the official launch date of October 1, 1958, American Express had already issued 250,000 cards at an annual fee of $6 each, $1 higher than the fee for a Diners Club card. The first American Express card11 was targeted at businessmen on expense accounts, offering them a convenient method of payment rather than a means of financing purchases. This American Express card was a charge card that required the user to pay off the balance monthly. It was not a credit card that offered the user the option of paying interest on the balance as if it were a cash loan. The Gold (1966), Corporate (1966), and Platinum (1984) cards followed despite concerns over cannibalizing the original American Express card. This hierarchy of cards with progressively higher annual fees and services offered business travelers the aspirational prospect of being invited to move up from Green to Gold to Platinum. (In 1999, American Express added an unadvertised, byinvitation-only product, the black Centurion card. Equipped with VIP benefits such as a personal concierge, the Centurion card was offered by invitation only to a small, elite group of Platinum card customers. Celebrities and the very rich clamored for the right to carry this new card. ) American Express launched its first credit card, Optima, in 1987. The Optima card was the first American Express card to allow customers to carry a balance and pay interest. It was marketed only as a ââ¬Å"companionâ⬠card to existing American Express cardmembers. A downturn in the economy in 1991 resulted in unexpected losses as some Optima customers failed to make their payments. As a result, American Express deferred plans to expand its credit card business and tightened its existing 2 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 credit modeling programs and controls. In addition, American Express ââ¬Å"card suppression,â⬠whereby merchants tried to dissuade consumers from using their American Express card, began with the 1991 ââ¬Å"Boston Fee Party. â⬠Boston estaurateurs were upset with what they viewed as American Expressââ¬â¢s excessive discount rate, the percentage fee American Express charged merchants on consumer purchases made with American Express cards. This practice of not honoring the American Express card gained momentum and discouraged some consumers from using their American Express cards. Scale was viewed as a key competitive success factor in the payments in dustry; American Express considered its 16%ââ¬âand fallingââ¬âmarket share of the U. S. payments market in the early 1990s too low. With too few cards in circulation and too few merchants accepting the American Express card, American Express management faced a ââ¬Å"chicken and eggâ⬠dilemma in trying to determine which aspect of the problem to address first. Turnaround Harvey Golubââ¬â¢s appointment as chairman and chief executive officer in 1993 set the stage for restoring health to the American Express business and brand. Golub became the ââ¬Å"vocal guardianâ⬠of the American Express brand as he outlined his vision for the company: ââ¬Å"To become the worldââ¬â¢s most respected service brand. 12 American Expressââ¬â¢s purpose was to manage, market, and promote the core attributes of the American Express brand, ââ¬Å"trust, security, integrity, quality and customer service,â⬠through educating employees, incorporating these attributes into card products and services, and reflecting them in all marketing communications. Future chief executive officer Ken Chenault, who was then runnin g the card business, laid down three guiding principles: to provide superior value to customers, to achieve best-in-class economics, and to direct all activities to support the American Express brand. In addition, Golub established long-term goals as the guiding metrics for the business: earnings per share growth of 12%ââ¬â15% per year, revenue growth of at least 8% per year, and return on equity of 18%ââ¬â20% on average over time. With a business strategy built on the companyââ¬â¢s brand, Golub refocused American Express on the card business. Starting in 1981, American Express had purchased brokerage and financial advisory firms in an effort to become a ââ¬Å"financial supermarket. â⬠This strategy proved to be a distraction. By 1993, Golub had divested American Express of most of its non-core businesses. Concurrently, the U. S. card business underwent a significant review under the leadership of Chenault. He identified three issues: Costs were too high compared to American Expressââ¬â¢s most efficient competitors; the division was too slow to change and adapt, particularly in introducing new products; and the organization was not sufficiently flexible to meet the needs of specific, more targeted consumer segments. 13 By 1995, signs of a turnaround were evident in the American Express card business. New card products began to appear with increased frequency, including proprietary and co-branded cards. A co-branding strategy was initially opposed by branding purists who argued that the American Express brand was too precious to be shared with a partner. This had led American Express to turn down an opportunity to co-brand air-miles-earning AAdvantage credit cards with American Airlines in the mid-1980s. The company came to regret this decision as American Airlines and, later, United Airlines both launched co-branded cards with Visa and MasterCard. The launches of the co-branded Hilton Optima card (1995) and the Delta SkyMiles American Express card (1996) marked the companyââ¬â¢s new willingness to partner with other strong brands. In future years, agreements were also struck with Costco, Starwood, and JetBlue. In 1996, Golub decided to open the American Express network and invited other banks and institutions to issue cards on its network. Doing business with other card issuers that were often competitors was a significant shift for the company. But, by carefully choosing the right partners who 3 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card would tailor American Express products for their high-spending customers, the company could efficiently supplement its own efforts to grow the number of cards-in-force, cardmember spending, and merchant acceptance. The Global Network Services (GNS) division was formed in 1997 to build these relationships. By 2007, there were more than 750 different American Express cards (including cards co-branded with merchants and banks) available around the world. Exhibit 2 lists the principal American Express card offerings and features in the United States as of 2008. In evaluating prospective product offerings, Linville asked whether the company was, first, ââ¬Å"removing frictionâ⬠from the systemââ¬â making everyday life easier in some way for consumers such as with a ââ¬Å"contactlessâ⬠cardââ¬âand, second, ââ¬Å"providing special recognition,â⬠or badge value, to cardmembers. Linville sought to make the American Express brand available more broadly while ensuring that it retained its premium status. Organization As of 2007, the company was organized into two major customer groups: Global Consumer Services and Global Business-to-Business Services. The Global Consumer group contributed 67% of the companyââ¬â¢s revenues net of interest expense and 52% of its income from continuing operations. 14 Its range of products and services included charge and credit card products for consumers and small businesses worldwide, consumer travel services, and prepaid, stored value products such as Travelers Cheques and Gift Cards. Business-to-Business Services contributed 29% and 38%, respectively, to the companyââ¬â¢s revenue and income, and offered business travel, corporate cards, expense management products and services, network services, and merchant acquisition and processing for the companyââ¬â¢s network partners and proprietary payments businesses. (See Exhibit 3 for a breakdown of company revenues by operating group and division, and see Exhibit 4 for income statement data on the companyââ¬â¢s U. S. card business. ) U. S. Payments Industry Payment Systems American Express competed against all forms of payments for consumer purchases, a market that exceeded $7 trillion in the U. S. in 2008. 15 Payments could be divided into three broad categories: paper-based payments (checks, cash, money orders, official checks, Travelers Cheques); card-based payments (credit, debit, prepaid, electronic benefits transfer); and electronic-based payments (preauthorized and remote). Consumers were shifting from paper-based payments toward cards and electronic methods (see Table A). Converting even a small portion of the paper market to American Express payments represented a big opportunity. Many of these transactions were cash/check-based because either they were low-value transactions (at mom-and-pop stores) or high-value captive transactions where there was little incentive for the merchant (for example, a utility company or apartment landlord) to accept charge/credit cards and absorb the discount fees charged for the service. American Express estimated that around 25% of the cash/check segment represented high-value transactions such as car purchases, tuition fees, and rent/mortgage payments. This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 Credit and Debit Credit cards held a leadership 26% share of the payments market and had grown 45% in dollar terms since the year 2001. Debit cards, which were issued by banks and allowed a purchase payment to be deducted immediately from the cardholderââ¬â¢s bank account, held a 14% share of the payments market and had grown 162% over this same period. Since American Express was not a bank, it did not offer debit cards. The average purchase per debit card in the U. S. was $39 compared to $87 per credit card purchase. 16 While debit card transactions were projected to exceed credit card transactions by 2011, the average purchase per credit card transaction was expected to remain higher. 17 Table A U. S. Consumer Purchases by Payment Typeââ¬â2006 Method of Payment Paper Checks Cash Other $3,365 1807 1439 119 Cards Credit Cards Debit Cards Other Source: % Change Versus Previous Five Years Market Share -4 % -19 +23 -3 47% 25 20 2 3,048 1,871 ,010 167 +77 +45 +162 +209 43 26 14 3 751 443 307 +177 +136 +270 10 6 4 7,165 Electronic Preauthorized Remote Total Consumer Purchases (billions) +30 100 Adapted from The Nilson Report, Issue 890, October 2007. The average American adult carried 4. 4 payment cards in his/her wallet, be they debit, credit, and/or charge cards. 18 Competitors in the card payments business were either card network s that processed transactions (Visa, MasterCard), card issuers (primarily banks), or organizations that both issued cards and processed transactions (American Express, Discover Financial Services). Charge cards for specific retail chains were declining in importance. American Express aimed to increase its ââ¬Å"share of walletâ⬠by making American Express the payment card of choice for all transactions. This was especially important, as recent evidence showed the average number of cards per wallet falling rather than increasing; 20% of consumers shed payment products in 2007 versus 16% in 2004. 19 Further, only 31% of consumers were adding new payment products to their wallets, a drop from 56% three years earlier. 0 Many American consumers ââ¬Å"compartmentalizedâ⬠their spending, using different cards for different types of payments. For example, some long-standing American Express members still used the American Express card just for travel and entertainment, and used a Visa or MasterCard credit card for other purchases. 5 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to Decembe r 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Competitive Card Networks Payment networks operated under two business models. ââ¬Å"Open-loopâ⬠payment networks, as employed by Visa and MasterCard, were multiparty. Processing a payment typically involved connecting two financial institutions: one that issued the card (issuer) and one that serviced the merchant (acquirer). The open-loop network managed the information and transfer of value between the two banks. In a ââ¬Å"closed-loopâ⬠network, as used by American Express and Discover, the network ââ¬Å"ownedâ⬠the relationship with both the cardholder and the merchant. Leading payment networks are listed in Table B. Credit Card Networksââ¬âU. S. Market Share 2007 Table B Share of Credit Card Purchases Visa MasterCard American Express Discover Source: Share of Credit Card Transactions 42. 2% 28. 7 23. 8 5. 3 43. 8% 30. 5 18. 3 7. 4 Adapted from The Nilson Report, Issue 889, 2007. Visa, Inc. Visa operated the worldââ¬â¢s largest retail electronics open-loop payment network. Visa provided financial institutions, their primary customers, with product platforms, including consumer credit, debit, prepaid, and commercial payments (see Table C). Visa operated a data-processing network that transferred transaction data and managed payment flow between issuers and acquirers. Visa generated revenue primarily from financial institutions based on fees calculated on the dollar volume of payment activity on Visa-branded cards (service fees) and from fees charged for providing transaction processing (data-processing fees). In 2007, Visa USA generated 82% of its gross operating revenue from service and processing fees combined. 21 U. S. Results for Visa, Inc. , Annual Product Performance (June 30, 2007) Table C Payment Type Consumer Credit Consumer Debit Commercial and Other Total Payments Volume Cash Volumea Total Volume Total Transactions (in millions) Source: Payment Volume (billions) Share of Payment Volume by Payment Type $ 624 637 188 34% 35 10 1,449 79 382 1,831 21 100% 25,942 Adapted from Visa, Inc. , Form 10-K, December 2007. a Cash volume includes cash access transactions, balance transfers, and convenience check transactions associated with Visa. 6 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 Visa went public on March 18, 2008, raising $19 billion in the worldââ¬â¢s second-largest initial public offering (IPO). 22 The IPO created a cultural and business challenge: Visa had to shift its focus from delivering benefits to its partner banks toward maximizing profits for long-term shareholder value. 23 As stated in Visaââ¬â¢s 10-K report, ââ¬Å"Many of our employees have limited experience operating in a profit-maximizing business environment. â⬠24 Further, the proceeds of the IPO bought out the interests of the partner banks. As a result, the banks were no longer Visaââ¬â¢s partners and co-owners but were now Visaââ¬â¢s customers. MasterCard MasterCard (MC), which successfully went public in 2006, was a global payment solutions company that was similar to Visaââ¬â¢s open-loop network. MCââ¬â¢s primary sources of revenue were transaction service fees, data-processing fees, and assessments on gross dollar use (purchases, cash disbursements, balance transfers) of MC-based cards. In 2007, transaction fees and assessments represented approximately 74% and 26%, respectively, of the companyââ¬â¢s net revenues. 5 Discover Financial Services Discover Financial Services (DFS) was the consumer credit and financial services division of Morgan Stanley until it was spun off to shareholders as an independent closed-loop payments network company in July 2007. Founded in 1986, DFS was the only issuer whose wholly-owned network operations included both debit and credit card capability. 26 DFS also offered a range of banking products, such as personal and student loans, certificates of deposit, and money market accounts. DFSââ¬â¢s primary source of revenue in its U. S. ard business was interest income earned on revolving cardmember balances. Other sources of revenue included late-payment, over-the-limit, and merchant discount fees. Like American Express, the company offered a rewards program to cardholders; under the Discover program, card users earned a cash-back discount on the value of their transactions. Competitive Card Issuers Competitive card issuers (largely banks) issued credit and debit cards, predominantly under the Visa and MasterCard brands, and were responsible for the pricing, positioning, and marketing of their co-branded cards. The top three banks accounted for more than 60% of outstanding bank-issued credit card purchases, as indicated in Table D. Card issuers competed on the basis of card features and quality of service, including rewards, number of cards issued and quality of usersââ¬â¢ credit and spending, number of establishments accepting the card, success of target marketing and promotional campaigns, and the ability of the issuer to manage credit and interest rate risks through economic cycles. The primary revenue source for bank issuers was interest income earned on outstanding credit card balances. They acquired new cardholders by cross-selling cards to the customers of their retail branch networks and, increasingly, targeted high-spending consumers, offering premium cards with enhanced services such as larger lines of credit, cash rebates, lower interest rates, and co-brand benefits with airline frequent-flyer programs. 7 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Table D U. S. Credit Card Volumes by Card Issuer in 2007 Volume of Purchases billions) American Expressa JP Morgan Chase Bank of America Citigroup Capital One Discovera U. S. Bank HSBC Wells Fargo GE Money Other Sources: $459 317 263 222 106 90 65 41 37 27 87 Adapted from The Nilson Report, Issue 896, February 2008, except for American Express (American Express Annual Report 2007). a Do not include third-party business. Emerging Payment Networks New entrants offering nontraditional, convenient, technology-based payment methods were growing in number and importance. It was estimated that credit and debit cards generated approximately $200 billion in purchase volume from online bill payments in 2006. 7 New payment methods included online ââ¬Å"aggregatorâ⬠networks, such as PayPal and Google Checkout, and telecom providers that leveraged new technologies and customersââ¬â¢ existing charge and credit card relationships to create mobile payment solutions where the plastic card would not need to be presented to the merchant. PayPal used encryption software to allow consumers to make financial transfers between computers. 28 Similarly, Google Checkout, which accepted and processed existing payment methods such as American Express, Visa, and MasterCard, aimed to offer buyers a fast, safe, and convenient purchase experience. American Express Card Business Model The American Express ââ¬Å"spend-centricâ⬠business model (see Exhibit 4) depended on increased cardmember spending. American Expressââ¬â¢s primary source of income was ââ¬Å"discount revenue,â⬠revenue earned from fees charged to merchants for processing purchases made using an American Express card. The fee charged represented a percentage of the dollar value of these transactions. In 2007, discount revenue and card fees accounted for more than 70% of U. S. Card Servicesââ¬â¢ revenue net of interest expense (see Exhibit 5). The average American Express cardmember charged more each year than the average Visa or MasterCard credit card user. In 2007, the annual average purchase volume per American Express card of $8,360 in the U. S. was substantially higher than that for Visa ($2,470/card) or MasterCard ($1,960/card). 29 By accepting American Express cards, merchants benefited from attracting as patrons the higher-spending American Express consumer. As a result, American Express could justify a premium discount rate from merchants over its competitors. American Express invested this price premium in information systems that studied the purchase habits and inclinations of cardmembers. These insights led to the development of targeted 8 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 promotions, connecting merchants with interested American Express cardmembers who were in turn motivated to spend even more on their American Express cards. In this way, the spend-centric model became a virtuous cycle, benefiting cardmember, merchant, and company alike. From the outset, American Express targeted the affluent, high-spending consumer. ââ¬Å"High-walletâ⬠consumers were defined by American Express in 2007 as those who spent more than $30,000 annually using cards. Affluent consumers represented roughly 10% of card users but accounted for half of U. S. charge/credit card consumer spending. 30 American Expressââ¬â¢s target consumer typically liked to travel, liked to be different, and liked special access to exclusive experiences. For many years the American Express consumer skewed slightly toward affluent, older men, a reflection of the companyââ¬â¢s early targeting of the male business traveler. The company had successfully increased American Express brand penetration of affluent younger and female consumers. Unlike its transaction-oriented competitors, Visa and MasterCard, the American Express card always emphasized an aspirational lifestyle. An early example was the 1985 launch of Departures magazine for Platinum cardmembers who were active, affluent consumers. The Departures editor defined luxury not as status and privilege but in terms of quality and authenticity. Membership in a Lifestyle From the outset, American Express executives emphasized that the company sold not just a card but a relationship. The relationship involved a ââ¬Å"membershipâ⬠in which the company committed to providing the member with the following: Access (premium and exclusive access and enhanced experiences for cardmembers), Advocacy (in merchant disputes, for example), Accountability (privacy of information, fairness in billing), and Affiliation (a sense of belonging to a community). Every American Express charge card included the ââ¬Å"Member Sinceâ⬠designation on the front followed by the year the consumer became an American Express cardmember. To underscore the membership status of American Express consumers, the company in 1991 launched the Membership Miles program to motivate customer sign-ups, customer retention, and more frequent card usage. At launch, the Membership Miles program gave cardmembers one point for every dollar charged on the card and the ability to redeem points with seven airlines. The program was renamed Membership Rewards (MR) in 1995. Spending on American Express cards linked to MR averaged four times higher than that on cards without rewards activity. 31 Seventy percent of cardmembers used the MR program. Cardmembers enrolled in the program were found to be lower credit risks as well as more profitable. 32 The companyââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"data-miningâ⬠capabilities helped shape the MR program into an industry-leading loyalty program. For these reasons, American Expressââ¬â¢s marketing spending on MR had grown at a compound annual growth rate of 24% since 2001, compared to an average 12% increase in marketing and promotion spending. 33 The MR program in the U. S. had more than 160 redemption partners34 and featured 29 airlines among its 250 merchandise brands. Analytics not only helped to determine whom to reach and with what offer, but also how rewards influenced loyalty. In 2005, the MR analytics team analyzed which members were more likely to redeem, in which categories, how many points they would redeem, and at what cost to the company. This research enabled American Express to craft a more appealing mix of reward offers, to predict more accurately the volume of demand for particular offers, and to negotiate better deals with suppliers. Innovations such as ââ¬Å"First Collection,â⬠a luxury tier exclusively for U. S. Platinum and Centurion cardmembers that included redemption partners such as Tiffany and Lamborghini, and ââ¬Å"Bonus Points Mall,â⬠an online gateway to more than 100 retailers, were 9 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card examples of how American Express increasingly tried to match the nature and the level of rewards to what its members sought and expected. Data-Based Marketing As a card issuer and network provider, American Express had direct relationships with both its cardmembers and its merchants. ââ¬Å"Data-based marketingâ⬠became a competitive advantage at American Express. Analyses of cardmember purchases enabled American Express to develop offers that boosted spending with particular groups of merchants. Open-loop competitors Visa and MasterCard could not match American Expressââ¬â¢s data-driven capabilities because they controlled access to either the cardholder or the merchant data, not both. The purpose of data-based marketing was to develop insights and offers that would match membersââ¬â¢ interests, drive charge volume, and increase loyalty to American Express. 35 The company did not use individual consumer data for marketing purposes but rather clustered cardholders into segments based on personal, financial, and lifestyle characteristics evident in the patterns of their transactions. Cardmember clusters might have greater than average spending in, for example, entertainment, dining, home, fashion, electronics, or automobiles. Cardmembers whose spending showed them to be more ââ¬Å"passionateâ⬠about their homes might then receive offers from local homeimprovement retailers. The company also researched correlations across spending categories to identify potential partnerships. For example, research indicated that affluent consumers who owned at least one luxury automobile brand had a strong affinity not only to other luxury brands but also to consumer electronics brands, an above-average tendency to engage in skiing and antiquing, and a strong likelihood of owning a second, more practical vehicle. Data mining also enabled American Express executives to predict how spending behavior evolved through various ââ¬Å"life stagesâ⬠and increasing levels of affluence. For example, the companyââ¬â¢s predictive model indicated that non-affluent cardmembers who made a single luxury purchase, such as a first-class airline ticket, were three times as likely to become affluent. Card upgrade offers distributed following a cardmemberââ¬â¢s first luxury charge purchase resulted in response rates over 50% above normal. 36 Emerging Challenges By 2005, competitors had begun to imitate American Expressââ¬â¢s lifestyle platform with premium product offerings (e. g. , Visa Signature, MasterCard World Elite), exclusive experiential rewards (e. g. , MasterCardââ¬â¢s Unique Experiences program), and lifestyle advertising. Visaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Life Takes Visaâ⬠advertising campaign emphasized the ââ¬Å"brandââ¬â¢s promise to deliver innovative products and services that empower cardholders to experience life and business their way and on their terms. â⬠37 The quality of a cardââ¬â¢s rewards program was increasingly important to higher-spending consumers. No longer did they evaluate rewards programs just on ease of earning and redeeming points. The variety and frequency of unique rewards (such as backstage access at a concert) were more and more critical. American Express had an edge over Visa and MasterCard owing to its cumulative expertise in arranging special events, but bidding wars for such opportunities were increasingly common. While continuing to emphasize relationship and lifestyle over transaction, American Express had to broaden its merchant network to maintain its share of consumer spending. In 1990, 64% of 10 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 American Express U. S. billings came from the travel and entertainment (TE) sectors and 36% came from retail and other sectors. 38 This reflected the companyââ¬â¢s belief that spending could be segmented into ââ¬Å"businessâ⬠and ââ¬Å"personal. â⬠American Expressââ¬â¢s focus on TE concerned Chenault and Kelly. They believed that, in the interests of scale, American Express had to expand its presence in the ââ¬Å"everydayâ⬠retail market. This change in strategy was opposed initially, partly because it would necessitate launching more new products and, in the eyes of some traditionalists, weaken the brand. However, by 2007 the sources of cardmember spending had more than reversed, with everyday retail spending representing more than 69% of U. S. American Express card billings. 39 Marketing Communications Advertising Campaigns American Express had a long history of successful, distinctive advertising that consistently stressed prestige, inviting consumers to join an exclusive club of cardmembers. One of the first TV campaigns, ââ¬Å"For People Who Travelâ⬠(1969ââ¬â1974), demonstrated how the American Express card is ââ¬Å"All You Needâ⬠for your travel and entertainment needs. This was replaced by the ââ¬Å"Do You Know Me? â⬠campaign, which that ran for more than a decade, produced 125 commercials, and marked the beginning of the companyââ¬â¢s strategy of using famous American Express ââ¬Å"membersâ⬠to sell cards to consumers. Do You Know Me? â⬠used a variety of celebrities to highlight the special treatment and recognition cardmembers enjoy, the premise being that people with famous names donââ¬â¢t always have equally famous faces; anyone who carried an American Express card would be immediately identified as someone of note. In 1987, American Express premiered t he ââ¬Å"Membership Has Its Privilegesâ⬠campaign, which highlighted the companyââ¬â¢s superior service and showed how the card ââ¬Å"not only facilitated the variety and enjoyment of a cardmemberââ¬â¢s lifestyle, but that membership is also invaluable when emergencies arise. 40 To complement this television campaign, the ââ¬Å"Portraitsâ⬠print campaign was launched. Portraits underscored the message that ââ¬Å"superior customer service, security, and convenienceâ⬠were important American Express qualities that cardmembers relied on. Shot by celebrity photographer Annie Leibovitz, ââ¬Å"Portraitsâ⬠focused on a unique group of high-profile cardmembers. The companyââ¬â¢s first global advertising campaign, ââ¬Å"Do More,â⬠was launched in 1996 and emphasized brand attributes such as trust, customer focus, travel relevance, and financial insight. A variety of ââ¬Å"productâ⬠commercials highlighted individual card benefits such as no preset spending, purchase protection, and global assist, while talent-driven ââ¬Å"stories,â⬠such as Tiger Woodsââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Manhattanâ⬠commercial in which he plays the worldââ¬â¢s toughest ââ¬Å"islandâ⬠courseââ¬âManhattanââ¬âwere intended to drive emotional relevance. In an effort to encourage everyday usage of the card, the ââ¬Å"Do Moreâ⬠campaign introduced a series of ads showing comedian Jerry Seinfeld using the American Express Card in supermarkets and drugstores. In 2004, a new global campaign with the tagline ââ¬Å"My Life. My Card. featured snapshots of the lives of celebrities, including Robert DeNiro, Tiger Woods, and Ellen DeGeneres. The campaign portrayed American Express cardmembers as exceptional people no matter where they lived or what they did. The campaign was also the first to support both American Expressââ¬â¢s proprietary and network businesses. John Hayes, American Expressââ¬â¢s chief marketing officer, believed that the companyââ¬â¢s history of tastefully portraying the rich and famous had provided it with an edge in attracting A-list talent. DeGeneres purportedly pointed to Seinfeldââ¬â¢s ads before signing on to do her own. 1 11 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card American Express launched its most recent campaign, ââ¬Å"Are You A Cardmember? ,â⬠in 2007. Hayes explained: ââ¬Å"The new campaign continues the tradition of defining the value of belonging to the American Express community by showcasing some of our most exceptional cardmembers and the ways in which membership works for them. But our latest campaign not only reaffirms for existing members why they belong, it also calls on nonmembers to consider becoming a cardmember. â⬠42 See Exhibit 6 for a summary of American Expressââ¬â¢s U. S. card advertising campaigns. Expenditures The companyââ¬â¢s mix of marketing spending had changed to reflect the growing importance of targeted communication over mass mailings and the emergence of the digital world. Over time, spending on direct mail, while still large, had decreased along with spending on television advertising. Event/experiential marketing and Internet spending had both grown. American Express used direct marketing both to acquire new customers and to motivate existing members to upgrade. Traditionally, American Express sought new customer applications from outbound telemarketing, ââ¬Å"Take Onesâ⬠(applications placed in restaurants and other retail establishments), and direct-mail efforts. By 2008, only 40% of successful new applicants still came from direct-mail solicitations and response rates had slipped well below 1%. By contrast, a significant portion of applications came from new channels such as the Internet, co-branded partner channels, and consumer-initiated phone calls to American Express customer service. The American Express website had become one of the companyââ¬â¢s largest sources of new member applications. It allowed the company to leverage its datamining expertise to provide real-time consumer rewards and offers. The Web simplified the card selection/application process by guiding the applicant through card choices. Based on the applicantââ¬â¢s stated card feature priorities (fees, rewards, payment terms), the American Express website provided card product comparisons and recommended the most appropriate card options from American Expressââ¬â¢s portfolio. The growing importance of the digital world was reflected in the companyââ¬â¢s shift in media spending, as shown in Table E. American Express Companyââ¬âU. S. Card Media Spending Table E Share of Media Spend 2003 Media Type Online Share of Media Spend 2007 7% Television 19% 48 57 14 10 Print 23 13 Radio 2 Non Traditional Source: Mediaa Company records. a Non Traditional Media includes billboards, transit, cinema, and other out-of-home media Investing in the website reduced American Expressââ¬â¢s costs and built brand presence and prestige. By 2008, 38% of American Express applications, payments, and reward redemptions had migrated to the Web at cost rates 53%, 84%, and 86% lower, respectively, than offline. 43 The Internet allow ed the company to attract new customers faster (one application every eight seconds) and more 12 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 economically. The website, serving as a virtual service center around the clock, increased the frequency with which the company was in contact with its customers, making it a powerful marketing channel. Claiming the americanexpress. com site ââ¬Å"gets more traffic than the Wall Street Journal online,â⬠the company noted that its members used the Web primarily for checking statements and cashing in rewards. With more than 50% of American Express payments left to migrate online, upside opportunity existed for further cost savings and deeper relationships with customers. Bank and Merchant Partners As of 2008, American Express obtained customers in two ways: through direct company solicitations and communications that resulted in consumers being issued proprietary American Express cards; and through third-party financial institutions that solicited their customers to sign up for American Express cards through them, a business managed by the companyââ¬â¢s Global Network Services (GNS) division. Bank Partners American Expressââ¬â¢s GNS business was set up in 1997 to build partnerships with banks and other institutions to issue American Expressââ¬âbranded products. GNS products were designed to help issuers develop products for their highest-spending, most affluent customers and to support the value of American Express card acceptance with merchants. GNS enabled American Express to broaden its cardmember base internationally at relatively low cost. By 2008, GNS had over 120 partners in more than 125 markets and accounted for nearly 25% of American Expressââ¬â¢s overall cardsin-force. American Express particularly wanted to help each bank design card products for their highspending, affluent private banking clientele, and to benefit from new distribution channels that included each bankââ¬â¢s website, direct-mail capabilities, and retail branch network. For their part, the banks were interested in partnering with American Express because of its superior marketing expertise as a card issuer and the higher-spending profile of American Express cardmembers. Merchants stood to benefit from more American Express cards in circulation. For American Express, expanding the GNS business required little capital; the banks owned the receivables and therefore absorbed the consumer credit risk. While consumers could choose between American Express proprietary cards and those issued under GNS partnerships, cannibalization of direct sales appeared to be minimal. While GNS began building a healthy international business, it was effectively barred from doing business in the U. S. by Visa and MasterCardââ¬â¢s policies preventing their U. S. member banks from issuing other card brands. In 1998, the U. S. Department of Justice filed suit against Visa, MasterCard, and eight of their member banks, charging anticompetitive practices. The suit charged that Visa and MasterCard prohibited their U. S. partner banks from issuing American Expressââ¬âbranded cards on the American Express network. Discover cards were affected similarly. The legal battle was resolved in 2004 when the U. S. Supreme Court let stand a court ruling that Visa and MasterCard had violated antitrust laws. Visa settled for $2. 25 billion. MasterCard later settled for $1. 5 billion. American Express soon signed Network Card License Arrangements (NCLs) to issue American Expressââ¬âbranded cards with seven leading U. S. banks. MBNA was the first, followed by Citibank, Barclaycard U. S. , USAA, GE Money, HSBC, and Bank of America. Though the banks were licensed to issue American Expressââ¬âbranded cards, American Express owned the relationships with merchants. 13 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card This meant that GNS earned discount revenue from both the bank issuer and the merchant acquirer, a sum that represented roughly one-third of total GNS revenues. This design feature underscored the importance of the continued focus on the high-spend segment. American Express developed strong account-management teams to manage the relationships with these major banks. Two major banks that had not yet signed on to issue American Express cards were JP Morgan Chase and Capital One. Merchant Partners In addition to U. S. anks, American Express depended on relationships with merchant partners, seeking always to expand its merchant coverage. These relationships were managed by the Merchant Services Group. Despite American Expressââ¬â¢s premium discount rate, American Express believed that merchant coverage was not a function of price alone; if it were, Kmart and Walmart, for example, would not have chosen to accept American Express. Further, the Disco ver card discount rate was less than American Expressââ¬â¢s yet Discover had a much lower merchant penetration. (See Table F for fees paid in 2005 by U. S. erchants to accept card payments. ) American Express account managers and third-party sales organizations aimed to convince merchants of two benefits to offset American Expressââ¬â¢s higher discount rate: that American Express cardmembers would spend more with them than with competitive cardholders and that American Express data mining could target promotional offers that would drive business their way. To persuade reluctant merchants to sign up, the Merchant Services Group might target members who were likely shoppers at a new merchant with double points promotions for an inaugural period. Since 2000, American Express increased merchant acceptance of its cards in many categories, especially quick-serve restaurants, mass transit, and health care. American Express card acceptance also increased in industries where cash, checks, or bank transfers were the predominant forms of payment, including apartment rentals, private jet travel, and destination clubs. By 2008, the American Express card was accepted at millions of merchants in the U. S.. Management estimated that U. S. ocations where the American Express card was accepted covered more than 90% of American Express cardmembersââ¬â¢ general-purpose charge and credit card spending. 44 Table F Fees Paid by U. S. Merchants to Accept Card Paymentsââ¬â2005 Payment Card Brand Visa/MasterCard Credit Cards Visa/MasterCard Debit Cards American Express Discover Source: Fees Paid (billions) Weighted Averagea $25. 13 9. 76 8. 51 1. 46 2. 19% 1. 75 2. 41 1. 76 Adapted from The Nilson Report, Number 862, August 2006. a Fees vary according to merchant category, volume, and type of card. Conclusion By the spring of 2008, American Express was strategically focused on the payments and travel businesses, having sold off the last of its banking interests. Michael Oââ¬â¢Neill, senior vice president of corporate affairs and communications, explained this transformation: ââ¬Å"We narrowed the business and broadened the brand. â⬠Warren Buffett, who was the companyââ¬â¢s largest shareholder, described 14 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card 509-027 American Expressââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"powerful world-wide brandâ⬠as ââ¬Å"an enduring moat that protects excellent returns on invested capitalâ⬠45 and Chenault as one of the ââ¬Å"giant-company managers whom I greatly admire. â⬠46 In March 2008, Barronââ¬â¢s named Chenault as one of ââ¬Å"The Worldââ¬â¢s Best CEOsâ⬠for having ââ¬Å"positioned American Express well to withstand turbulence. He hasnââ¬â¢t compromised credit standards to gain new cardholders, nor has he cut back on marketing spending to prop up earnings. His loss rates on cards remain among the industryââ¬â¢s best. â⬠47 In the second half of 2007, a U. S. housing downturn and credit crunch slowed U. S. economic growth. American Express issued a profit warning in early 2008. Chenault explained that the slowdown in cardmember spending that had come on suddenly in December 2007 was broad-based and was expected to continue into 2008. ââ¬Å"Now weââ¬â¢ve been through slowing economies before, but none of us can recall such a dramatic drop over such a short time frame, except for the event-driven decline of 9/11. â⬠48 Past-due loans and write-offs also rose, especially in parts of the U. S. that had experienced a housing price bubble. However, superior risk management and credit controls at American Express meant that it was less affected than competitors. 9 It was in this context that Jud Linville prepared for his meeting with Ken Chenault and Al Kelly. How could the American Express consumer card business continue its growth while maintaining the companyââ¬â¢s premium positioning? Were there opportunities for his organization to serve U. S. consumers and merchants in new ways while continui ng to turn in the profits that shareholders had come to expect? 15 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Exhibit 1 American Express Card Business Statistics: 2006ââ¬â2007 Years Ended December 31 (billions, except percentages and where indicated) 2007 2006 Card billed businessa United States Outside the United States $459. 3 188. 0 $406. 8 154. 7 $647. 3 $561. 5 52. 3 34. 1 48. 1 29. 9 86. 4 78. 0 40. 9 29. 2 37. 1 25. 4 70. 1 62. 5 Total b Total cards-in-force (millions) United States Outside the United States Total Basic cards-in-force (millions) b United States Outside the United States Total Average discount ratec Average basic cardmember spending (dollars)d Average fee per card (dollars) d Source: 2. 56% $12,106 32 2. 57% $11,201 $32 Company documents. a Card billed business includes activities (including cash advances) related to proprietary cards, cards issued under network partnership agreements, and certain insurance fees charged on proprietary cards. Card billed business is reflected in the United States or outside the United States based on where the cardmember is domicile d. b The number of cards that are issued and outstanding. Proprietary basic consumer cards-in-force includes basic cards issued to the primary account owner (ââ¬Å"cardmemberâ⬠) and does not include additional supplemental cards issued on that account. Proprietary basic small business and corporate cards-in-force include basic and supplemental cards issued to employee cardmembers. Non-proprietary basic cards-inforce includes all cards that are issued and outstanding under network partnership agreements. c Designed to approximate merchant pricing, the percentage of billed business (both proprietary and Global Network Services) retained by the Company from merchants it acquires, prior to payments to third parties unrelated to merchant acceptance. d Average basic cardmember spending and average fee per card are computed from proprietary card ctivities only. 16 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card Exhibit 2 509-027 Selected American Express U. S. Charge and Credit Card Products: 2008 CARD TYPE SELECTED FEATURES AND BENEFITS CHARGE CARDS Green (1958) Gold(1966) ââ¬â Preferred Rewards Gold (2002) ââ¬âRewards Plus Gold (1994) Platinum (1984) Centurion (1999) One from American Express (2005) 1% of purchases deposited to high yield savings account CREDIT CARDS Blue (1999) ââ¬âBlue (1999) ââ¬âBlue Cash (2003) ââ¬âBlue Sky (2005) ââ¬âBlue for Students (2001) Optima (1987) ââ¬âOptima Platinum (1997) City Rewards ââ¬âIn New York City (2004) ââ¬âIn Los Angeles (2005) ââ¬âIn Chicago (2005) Clear (2005) No annual fee, flexibility to pay over time, free additional cards No annual fee, earn up to 5% cash back, unlimited cash rewards No annual fee, earn points redeemable on airline, hotel or cruise services. No annual fee, flexibility to pay over time, Membership Rewards No annual fee, transfer balances for free, Membership Rewards No annual fee, earn Inside points to at, drink and play in New York No annual fee, earn Inside points to eat, drink and play in L. A. No annual fee, earn Inside points to eat, drink and play in Chicago. No fees of any kind, automatic rewards, flexibility to pay over time PARTNER CARDS Airlines ââ¬âGold Delta Sky Miles (1996) ââ¬âPlatinum Delta Sky Miles (2002) ââ¬âJetBlue Card ( 2005) Hotels ââ¬âStarwood Preferred (2001) ââ¬âHilton HHonors (1995) Costcoââ¬âTrue Earnings Card (2004) Lifestyle Cards ââ¬âThe Knot (2005) ââ¬âThe Nest (2005) Earn Sky Miles on every dollar spent, earn double miles on some purchases Earn Sky Miles, earn 1 companion ticket each year Earn points towards JetBlue flights Earn points towards free hotel stays, upgrades, even flights Earn HHonors points on every purchase Earn cash back on purchases Membership Rewards, no annual fee, get special offers from The Knot Membership Rewards, no annual fee, get special offers from The Nest FOR CORPORATE CLIENTS American Express Corporate Cards (1966) Business ExtrAA Corporate Card (2003) Comprehensive reporting to track spending and increase compliance Savings through airfare rebates, free travel awards FOR SMALL BUSINESS Business Gold Rewards (2005) Business Platinum Card (1995) Plum (2006) Starwood Preferred Guest Business Credit Card (2001) Business Cash Rebate Credit Card (2003) Source: Membership Rewards, no limit, year-end summary Membership Rewards, access to special events Membership Rewards, access to special events, 5 free additional cards Airport Club access, 24 hour concierge service, by Invitation Only events Save 3-25% on business expenses at selected partners (e. g. : FedEx, Delta) Access to airport lounges, professional office space, personal concierge Trade terms, pay within 10 days, get 2% off or defer payment Free awards nights at Starwood Hotels, awards flights on over 30 airlines Earn 2. % on all purchases and up to 5% for certain business purchases. Company documents. 17 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Exhibit 3 Source: American Express Company Overview: 2007 Company records. 18 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card Exhibit 4 509-027 American Express: Spend-Centric Model The American Express spend-centric business model focused primarily on generating revenues by driving spending on its cards, and secondarily finance charges and fees, allowing the company to grow market share in the payments industry. Source: Company documents. 19 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Exhibit 5 American Express U. S. Card Servicesââ¬âSelected Income Statement Data Year Ended December 31 (millions) Revenues Discount revenue, net card fees and othera Cardmember lending revenueb Securitization income Excess spread, net Servicing fees Gains on sales from securitizations Securitization income, net:c 2007 2006 $10,435 4,762 $9,421 3,434 1,025 425 57 1,055 407 27 $ 1,507 $ 1,489 Total revenues Interest expense Cardmember lending Charge card and other $16,704 $14,344 1,518 964 957 767 Revenue, Net of Interest Expense $14,222 $12,620 Expenses Marketing, promotion, rewards and cardmember services Human resources and other operating expenses Total Provisions for lossesd Pretax segment income Income provision 5,140 3,354 $ 8,494 $ 2,998 $ 2,730 $ 907 $ 4,445 3,227 $ 7,672 $ 1,625 3,323 $ 1,171 Segment Income $ 1,823 $ 2,152 Source: American Express Company Annual Report 2007, p. 53. a Discount Revenue represents revenue earned from fees charged to merchants with whom the company has entered into a card acceptance agreement for processing cardmember transactions. b Cardmember Lending Reven ue represents the outstanding amount due from cardmembers for charges made on their American Express credit cards, any interest charges and card-related fees and balances with extended payment terms on certain charge products. Securitization Income, Net includes non-credit provision components of the net gains from securitization activities; excess spread related to securitized cardmember loans; and servicing income net of related discounts or fees. d Provisions for Losses include credit-related expenses. 20 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN The American Express Card Exhibit 6 509-027 Major American Express Advertising Campaigns in the United States 1958ââ¬âearly 1960s Good As Gold. The World Around! Establish prestige image for AmEx card and provide application instructions. 1969ââ¬â1974 For People Who Travel Show how the American Express card is ââ¬Å"all you needâ⬠for your travel and entertainment needs. 1975ââ¬â1987 Do You Know Me? Show celebrities receiving the special treatment and recognition cardmembers enjoy around the world. Tagline, which continued through 1995, is ââ¬Å"Donââ¬â¢t Leave Home Without It. â⬠1987ââ¬â1992 Membership Has Its Privileges Introduce notion of ââ¬Å"membershipâ⬠and showcase the benefits of respect, recognition, unsurpassed service as well as Global Assist, Buyers Assurance. 996ââ¬â2000 Do More/Seinfeld Highlight individual card product benefits such as no pre-set spending, purchase protection, global assist. Talent-driven ââ¬Å"storiesâ⬠drive emotional relevance and recognition benefit. Use Jerry Seinfeld in a larger than life manner to increase awareness and use of the American Ex press card at everyday spend locations. Sub-campaign uses everyday moments to highlight individual product benefits such as retail protection and roadside assistance. Make Life Rewarding 2002 Relaunch American Express brand post 9/11 using charge card as the face of propriety. Sub-campaign introduced ââ¬Å"revitalizedâ⬠charge card with membership reward programs built in. 2004ââ¬â2007 My Life. My Card. Demonstrate the companyââ¬â¢s belief that American Express cardmembers are exceptional people no matter where they live or what they do. Featured extraordinary individuals including Robert DeNiro, Tiger Woods, Ellen DeGeneres, and Laird Hamilton, revealing snapshots of their lives. Acclaimed director Martin Scorsese and celebrated photographer Annie Leibovitz were commissioned to lend their vision to elements of the campaign creative. While the creative direction varied from ad to ad, the campaign theme was consistent: achievers of all types choose American Express. 2007ââ¬â2008 Are You A Cardmember? Entice prospective cardmembers to apply and join the American Express community and reinforce the membership benefits to current cardmembers via showcasing the advantages American Express offers versus competition. Celebrities such as Beyonce Knowles, Ellen DeGeneres, Tina Fey, and Diane Von Furstenberg are featured within a lifestyle and access theme. Source: Company documents. 21 This document is authorized for use only by YUJIE SUN in Intensive in American Business taught by Robert Calamai from September 2012 to December 2012. For the exclusive use of Y. SUN 509-027 The American Express Card Endnotes 1 Adapted from The Nilson Report, Issue 902, 2008. 2 American Express Annual Report, 2007, inside front cover. 3American Express Fixed Income Presentation, March 12, 2008, http://media. corporate-ir. net/media_files/ irol/64/64467/DebtInvestorPres. pdf, accessed June 12, 2008. 4 American Express Financial Community Meeting 2/16/2008 K. Chenault speech, texthttp://media. corporateir. net/media_files/irol/64/64467/KCSTalkingPoints020608. pdf, accessed June 12, 2008. 5 American Express Annual Report, p. 110. 6 American Express Fixed Income Presentation, March 12, 2008, ir. net/media_files/irol/64/64467/DebtInvestorPres. pdf, accessed June 12, 2008. 7 American Express Fixed Income Presentation, March 12, 2008, ir. net/media_files/irol/64/64467/DebtInvestorPres. pdf, accessed June 12, 2008. http://media. corporatehttp://media. corporate- 8 Americ How to cite The American Express Card, Essay examples maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-48633164723901630742019-12-06T01:06:00.001-08:002019-12-06T01:06:03.648-08:00Sundiata an Epic of Old Mali free essay sample D. T. Nianeââ¬â¢s book Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali tells the history of Maliââ¬â¢s former ruler from the perspective of a royal griot, Djeli Mamoudou Kouyate of the village of Dejliba Koro (Siguiri) in Guinea. According to Niane, he is not trying to write a traditional history book, rather, he is trying to present the history of Sundiataââ¬â¢s empire through the traditional African form of memory using oral tradition as his only sources. He claims that the West has taught historians to avoid oral traditions and to rely instead primarily on written documents. However, Niane disagrees with these methods and claims that much can be learned from the stories and traditions passed from generation to generation through spoken word. He makes a wonderful case for the problem of Westernization of the historical discipline; stressing that it is important to understand the people being studied on their own terms, instead of viewing their histories from Eurocentric perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Sundiata: an Epic of Old Mali or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The story of Sundiata begins before his birth. In the beginning, the griot establishes his authority on the subject by claiming that he was entrusted with these stories from his father and his fatherââ¬â¢s father. The griot also explains that griots take an oath and are unable to lie. According to tradition, Sundiata came from a long line of Malian kings. His father was a great and handsome man who was loved by his people. One day, Sudndiataââ¬â¢s father, Maghan Kon Fatta received a visiting hunter and soothsayer, who foretold that the king would one day have a son, that son would become a great ruler. However, the stranger informed Maghan Kon Fatta that in order for these things to come true, he must marry an ugly woman that would bear him this child. The woman eventually came in the company of two hunters; she was known as the buffalo woman and would become Sundiataââ¬â¢s mother. After the king Maghan Kon Fatta married the buffalo woman, Sologlon Kedjou, she became pregnant with a son, Sundiata. The king was overjoyed and upon the birth of the son, his first wife, Sassouma Berete, became increasingly jealous of Sologlon and her son. The child was named Mari Djata and will later be called Sologlon Djata and eventually Sundiata. However, Mari Djata failed to live up to his fatherââ¬â¢s high hopes as a child. He was unable to walk or talk at age three. Nonetheless, the king Maghan Kon Fatta entrusts the child with his griot, Doua to pass on the traditions and stories of Mali. Soon after, the king dies and so does Doua, the griot. At this point, the jealous first wife sends Sologlon, Mari Djata and his sister, Sogolon Djamarou, out of the palace and her son Dankaran Touman takes his fatherââ¬â¢s place as ruler of Mali. Sologolon is embarrassed because of her son and is taunted by Sassouma. One day, she returns from the palace crying and Sundiata hears his motherââ¬â¢s sobs. He decides to have a blacksmith create him an iron rod. He uses this rod to prop himself up and stand for the first time. Upon seeing him stand and walk, his mother and the whole city cheer and rejoice. This frightens the jealous Sassouma who convenes with a group of witches to plot out Sundiataââ¬â¢s murder. However, the witches refuse to follow through with his murder because of his kind nature. Unable to kill Sundiata, the queen mother, Sassouma exiles the family from Mali and they travel from city to city and kingdom to kingdom seeking refuge. Sundiata swore that he would return and take his proper place on the throne. As the years passed, Sundiata grew up. He was a great hunter and became very close friends with his half-brother Manding Bory. For a long time, the family stayed in Mema where the king, Moussa Tounkara, became very fond of Sundiata and trained him as a warrior and even made him heir to the throne of Mema. However, during this time the king of Sosso, Soumaoro Kante, had taken over Mali. Sundiata knows that as a man he must return to Mali and defeat the sorcerer king. Bella Fasseke, the griot, son of Doua belonged to Sundiata and was prisoner of Soumaoro Kante along with Sundiataââ¬â¢s sister Nana Triban, who had become one of the kingââ¬â¢s many wives. Sundiata was a brave and fierce warrior and was able to defeat Soumaoro after several battles and was able to return his sister and his griot from under the power of Soumaoro. Sundiata became the rightful ruler of Mali and expanded Maliââ¬â¢s Empire far through conquering many lands. He was a kind and just ruler, loved by all. For the people of Mali, Sundiata is a national hero. This story is important to the identity of these people even today as a way to define themselves outside of their colonial status. Sundiata provides an example of greatnessà for the people to cherish and aspire to. Sundiata, like Mali, is eternal. This book does an excellent job at portraying the life of Sundiata. However, it is not a traditional history book, meaning that it relies primarily on oral rather than written primary sources. Also, the author, Niane, does not present an argument, he simply retells or translates a story that is highly based on magic, superstition, and biased facts. Thus, while this book is an excellent story, it may not be totally objective or historically accurate in some of its assumptions and claims. maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-87649693746199404822019-11-28T21:12:00.001-08:002019-11-28T21:12:05.521-08:00Personality, Mood and Anxiety Disorders maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-5917689050036357552019-11-25T04:47:00.001-08:002019-11-25T04:47:05.538-08:00And Now Miguel Essays - House Of Braganza, ...And Now MiguelAnd Now Miguel Essays - House Of Braganza, ...And Now Miguel And Now Miguel People around the world have had responsibility throughout theirs lives. With being responsible anyone can achieve anything that they want. America is a great country with people that taken responsibility in their whole lives. Thats why America is so strong and containing with great people who built America from pieces to pieces. Mostly for the families that living, farmers for example; it was hard to take care of livestocks because it was expensive. If animals are lost the farmers will lose part of the family stock. It was a family business job, so everyone in the family helped with the work; men, women, boys, and girls. However, not everybody had the responsibility to take care of the family business. If one failed to perform a duty, the family business might fall apart. and now Miguel by Joseph Krumgold shows that through taking responsibility with ones actions and behaviors, a person can mature enough to be able to follow their heart. The main character Miguel wants to follow in the shadow of his father. He wants to do everything like his father does. He wants to be a part of the family business; he wants to help out with raising the sheep. He feels like he could be a part of something and he wants to get credit for what he does. But for me, I have the wish to be part of everything that happens, even it is not happening to me (Krumgold, 16). Miguel wants to be a part of the team and experience the happiness or sadness based on the investment that others in his family share. He doesnt care if the family finds a pot of gold and they want to share. Miguel doesnt want the gold; all he wanted was to be there when the pot of gold is found; to be a part of the experience. Miguel wants to prove that he can be a part of the family, to his father and mother. He tries so hard to fit in with his family but hes rejected by his family. But still I am glad that Im growing up to be a shepherd, if only it doesnt take too long (Krumgold, 21). Miguel would do anything to prove to his father that he can be just like him. Instead of being a policeman or an airplane pilot, Miguel wants to be a shepard its in his blood. His grandparents were shepards and his parents are too. He thinks what his father would want him to be. Meaning that the expectations are on high steaks about Miguel being a shepard, that is how Miguels father grew up; by taken responsibility on part of the family business. Miguel does get the chance to prove to his father that he can be responsible and be part of the family. He knows that he would do anything for his fathers eyes to see him as a grown up. He would use any chance that he gets to prove that he can do anything. Miguel go up to the mountains one day to find the lost sheep, while he is there he think about how he can prove to his father that he did it. He wants to show his father that he got the sheep. Actually he was glad that the sheep went away, because of the sheep he gets the opportunity to prove to his father (Krumgold, 92). Miguel goes up to the mountains to find the sheep, and he finds them. He thinks that by getting the sheep, it will prove to his father that he can be responsible. Miguel wants to go up to the mountains again because only the men go up to the mountains. Miguel wants to be a man. He proves to his father that hes responsible, because Miguel goes up to the mountains without knowing what dangers lies before him. Still Miguel goes up and tries to bring the lost sheeps. Although, his father denies that Miguel is still too young. So Miguel reaches the last person who might help him go up to the mountain. San Ysidro or Saint Ysidro, he is what the people in the Miguels village worth maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-85166122425865669772019-11-21T12:11:00.001-08:002019-11-21T12:11:03.972-08:00Ancient Chinese Contributions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2Ancient Chinese Contributions - Essay Example China can rightfully lay claim to numerous scientific discoveries and technological inventions which greatly enriched human civilization as these paved the way for global progress. This brief paper is a discussion and exposition of such ancient Chinese contributions to civilization. Chinese civilization had existed uninterrupted for several millennia and due to this fact, it was able to develop to such an extent that the ancient Chinese acquired or accumulated enough knowledge about the natural world and perceptive enough to make the right connections to make scientific discoveries based on their theories and hypothesis; the other useful connection was to make practical use of these discoveries through technological inventions and applications so as to make life easier for everybody. Theoretical knowledge was applied to everyday use and for this, world civilization has a lot to be thankful for because the discoveries and inventions of the ancient Chinese served as foundation for further scientific and technological progress to take place. Among the more prominent Chinese contributions are the compass, gunpowder, printing, paper, coal mining, pottery and porcelain, use of petroleum, sericulture, star atlas, and meridian. Based on the partial list mentioned above, the four most important contributions are the compass, gunpowder, paper, and printing. These four inventions contributed a lot to the progress and advance of world civilization as the use of these four discoveries spread worldwide. The four inventions can be considered as the most ingenious and innovative considering the great amount of knowledge, insight, and thinking that went into these four inventions and discoveries. Compass - its discovery was crucial to ship navigation and the eventual discovery of vast new lands and territories beyond the great oceans of the world. Although the compass was maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-9448422978286120172019-11-20T13:46:00.001-08:002019-11-20T13:46:03.709-08:00Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries EssayForeign Direct Investment in Developing Countries - Essay Example The current global climate relies heavily on the existence of Foreign Direct Investment as a determining factor in the economic growth of any region. However, questions remain as to why there are certain pockets of countries where FDI seems to be flourishing, while others are vying for attention in this regard. There are many statistics that point to this (Vaknin, 2007, np). For example, only one third of the developing and poor nations get any forms of FDIs, and these are perhaps the neediest ones. Also, the contribution of the FDIs in the global economy is not even five percent. Then why is it considered as the next wave of development and a ray of light for poor nations' development FDIs have been strongly criticized for seizing the local talent of a country, preventing local growth, and thereby further reducing the economic development. Alongside, the other political, social and legal ramifications are amongst others in the list of problems associated with FDI (Vaknin, 2007, np). These and other such arguments have been raised in the past at the time when FDIs were being introduced for the first time across the world, and many critics still believe that such actions are leading to overall negative impacts in the long run on the poor countries. Foreign Direct Investment is defined as "investment in domestic structures, equipment and organization by foreign private sector or government. FDI does not include foreign portfolio investment in a domestic economy. The latter refers to investment in equity of domestic companies by foreign economic agents" (Kumo, 2009, np).On the other hand, there are many examples showing FDI as a potential source of success in the economy of a developing country. India for example, has become one of the world's favorite in gaining FDIs (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 2 and 3). The IT sector is one of the most prominent examples, which have jumpstarted India's GDP to one of the largest in the developing world. These and many such shining examples are now showing that FDIs can play a very important contributory role in improving the economic prosperity of poor nations. The initial skepticism is now giving way to acceptance and even appreciation of FDIs as research results show improved economic outcomes w ith the introduction of multinational companies and foreign investments over loans.Education is another recently discovered successful area where FDIs are taking place in India. Although critics pose questions about the cons of the education FDI in terms of personal gains instead of the gains for the country, so far, these investments are providing countries with a rope to hang on to, where others are sinking (Bhaumik et al, 2003, pp 4). The number of researches conducted on the beneficial effects of FDIs outnumber those that critic them. FDIs have been so far found to directly improve the financial and educational sectors of a country (Alfaro et al, 2007, pp 7). These countries are termed as the host countries. Researches show that those countries with good links between the final and intermediary industry sectors as well as good human capital are likely to get more FDIs (Alfaro et al, 20 maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-23601550548090858032019-11-18T09:52:00.001-08:002019-11-18T09:52:03.123-08:00Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 13Presentation - Essay Example It is very complex and is currently only practiced in one developed country ââ¬â Switzerland. Representative democracy. It allows the electorate to exercise their mandate to elect representatives to spearhead the will of the public. It comes as either parliamentary or presidential. Despite being very common all over the world, it is mostly partially practiced in the Developing World. Most countries under full dictatorship have the least development. The include Cuba, North Korea, Guinea, Belarus, Burma and Syria (Bailey 2013). Partial democracies are intertwined within dictatorships, making them unobvious. They are mainly practiced in Egypt, Pakistan, Philippines, and Thailand. Most of these countries have better economies than the ones listed under full dictatorship. Studies indicate that democracy has a direct relationship with development. However, such dictatorships as Saudi Arabia present the rare cases of countries blossoming with prosperity despite being governed dictatorially. Many developing countries have failed in promoting equality of their people, leading to low realization of democracy and development in these countries. Based on the discussed characteristics of democracy, including devolution of power and resources and political and civil freedom, it is apparent that full democratization offers the most obvious route to prosperity among nations in the Developing maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-39203303369663108752019-11-15T22:23:00.001-08:002019-11-15T22:23:13.671-08:00The Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health EssayThe Introduction Of Food Hygiene Health Essay Nowadays, public are emphasize on food hygiene. There are many food poisoning cases happen because of poor food hygiene standards. Food service businesses are taking important role in the proper hygiene standard. As Kashif Hussain(2005) stated that, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment in order to prevent and reduce the risk of food borne illness. This paper is intended to study the relationship of food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviors among TARC Perak Branch Campus students. Food hygiene is very important to every restaurant. Maintaining standard hygiene in a restaurant may result in good reputation and increase restaurant table turnover rate. A proper hygiene standard in restaurant may influence customers purchasing behaviors. 1.2 Background of research Kampar is a town which located in Perak, Malaysia. In the early time, Kampar is a town which rich with tin reserves. After constructing TAR College and University, the job opportunities in Kampar are increased especially for food and beverage business. Among the restaurant business in Kampar, there are some of restaurant owner did not have proper hygiene knowledge or did not apply the food safety knowledge when operating their business. The lack of concern of hygiene will directly affect the health of Kampar residents as well as Kampar students such as food borne illness. 1.3 Problem Statement Statement of problem is to study the relationship between food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviours among TARC students. Food hygiene is very important for any food service industry. Good practicing in hygiene standard can help to enhance the restaurant reputation, customers purchasing behaviour and the most important issue is reduced the risk of food borne illness. 1.4 Objectives of the study The objectives in this research attempted to achieve the following: 1. To investigate how application of HACCP influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students 2. To investigate the relationship between food borne illness and purchasing behaviour among Kampar students 1.5 Research Questions 1 Will Application of HACCP influence purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 2. Will factor of food borne illness influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 1.6 Research Hypothesis 1. Application of HACCP influence the Kampar students purchasing behaviour 2. Food borne illness will influence Kampar students purchasing behaviour. 1.7 Significance of Research This study will be a guideline for the restaurant business to understand that the importance and application of food hygiene in a restaurant. Besides that, this research will provide opportunity for person, who involved in restaurant industry to understand more about food hygiene, and the right way in the process of preparing, storing and serving the foods which safe for human consumption. 1.8 Scope and limitations of research This research is focused on food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviour. The area of this research was in Kampar restaurant and TARC Perak Branch Campus students are the population for this research. There are some limitations faced in this research. Researcher are facing problem when finding journals to support the research topic because most of the journal are old. 1.9 Operational Definition of Terms Food Hygiene, hazards, HACCP, Food borne illness Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction of food hygiene Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defines food hygiene as the creation and maintenance of healthful or hygienic conditions. In a food service situation, the word food hygiene means wholesome food, handled and prepared in a way that, the food is not contaminated with disease causing agents. The World Health Organization 2002 stated that, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue and inadequate food safety control was a key contributor to the 2.1 million deaths from diarrhoeal disease globally in 2000. Keyvan Amjadi (2005), annual estimates for industrialised countries show that there are up to 30% of the populations are affected by food borne illness each year. Kashif Hussain(2005) stated, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment. Proper food hygiene is known as healthful, clean and safety environment, and pleasant working conditions. Saunders (1991) stated that, every body must eat to survive and food safety is considered very important to consumers. Mossel (1992) add on that, a discrepancy between medically acknowledged risks and food safety risks as perceived by the consumer. Shapman and Shapman,(1992), Waites and Arbuthnott, (1991) add on that, many cases of food poisoning occur as a result of failure to control growth of pathogens in foods, but with due diligence at all stages in the food chain this is largely preventable 2.2 Definition of food hygiene The World Health Organization (2006) define food hygiene as all conditions and measures necessary to ensure the safety and suitability of food at all stages of the food-chain. Malcolm Tatum (2012), foodà hygiene is used to describe the storage and preparation of foods in order to make sure that, foodà is safe for human consumption. Malcolm Tatum (2012) adds on, food hygiene is usually refers practices at an individual or family status, whereas the food sanitation normally refers to types of procedures at the commercial level within theà food industry. Malcolm Tatum (2012) also mentions that there are some steps are needed to be emphasis and follow accordingly in order to maintain the food hygiene. The steps need to be concern are included washing hands before handlingà food, proper storage ofà foodà before use, make sure that all serving dishes are clean and free of contaminants when preparing the food and lastly maintaining a clean environment. 2.3 HACCP Eunice Taylor, (2008) define Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) as a risk-based management system which designed for assure the microbiological safety of food manufactured for use in the United Stated manned space missions of the 1960s. Eunice Taylor (2008) add on that, HACCP has become the internationally recognised system of managing food safety and its use has been extended to control the full range of biological, chemical and physical hazards since that time. BenEmbarek (2002) define HACCP as an advance in modern technology, producing safety food and keeping it safety remains a worldwide public health problem with illness caused by the consumption of contaminated food described as the most widespread health problem now a days. Codex (1997) stated that, the systems of the HACCP building block are developed through application of the internationally agreed HACCP Principles. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) stated that, the HACCP system will help to prevent from fo od borne illness outbreaks only if it is understood and applied it correctly. Motarjemi (1999) and Kaferstein (1999) add on, there are very few records of food borne illness outbreaks in which a food company operating with full commitment and understanding of the HACCP system has been involved. Motarjemi(1999) and Kaferstein (1999) emphasis that, food-borne illness would not occur if HACCP system is applied correctly. Whilst Motarjemi and Kaferstein (1999) argue with this point of view and stated that positive results may be expected when the HACCP system has been applied correctly, it is also necessary to establish ways of measuring HACCP effectiveness that are not based solely on retrospective analysis of outbreak data. 2.4 Food borne illness United Stated Food and Drug Administration (2000) found that the majority of food borne illnesses can be cause to five risk factors which included inadequate cooking, food from unsafe sources, improper holding temperatures, poor personal hygiene and contaminated equipment. Generally the causes to food borne illnesses can be divided into three distinct categories of hazards, which included biological, chemical, and physical. Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defines the three categories of hazard. From the sources of Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992), Biological hazard is defined as viruses, harmful bacteria, parasites or fungi. While for chemical hazard, Educational Foundation of the National Restaurant Association (1992) defined this term as contamination of food with food service chemicals and chemical substances containing in food. For physical hazard, is presence of foreign item that are not supposed to be a pa rt of a food product. Knight and Lendal (1989) point out some critical offences of food handling in behavioural errors and leading operation that can lead to outbreaks of food borne illnesses in food and beverage operations. The critical offences that Knight and Lendal (1989) pointed out included failure to properly cook, reheat or cool foods to proper temperatures, foods prepared in advance or more than a day before serving, raw contaminated ingredients incorporated into foods that receive no further cooking, food allowed to remain at bacteria incubation temperatures and lastly employees who practice poor personal hygiene, 2.5 Proper handling of food NHMRC (2003) said that, proper handling of food during all stages of its preparation and storage is factor in reducing the risk of food borne illness. (Redmond and Griffith, 2003) agree with this point of view and add on, a systematic review of food safety studies identified that consumer commonly implement unsafe food-handling behaviours during domestic food preparation. Jay et al. (1999) and Jevsnik et al. (2008) have done an observation research and found out that improper and infrequent hand-washing techniques are common in Australian food handlers and up to two-thirds of participants did not wash knives and cutting boards after use with raw meat and before reuse of implements and these also are the factors that cause food borne illness. There are another of research into food borne illness appears to show a difference between knowledge of correct food safety behaviours and applying this knowledge during actual behaviour. Redmond and Griffith (2003) compared studies into consumer food safety information and found that although the respondents have good knowledge in food safety, they did not apply in these food safety knowledge and behaviours in their actual operation. 6.0 Customers risk perception and purchasing behaviour Royal Society (1992) and HMSO (1995) define risk as a combination of the probability, or frequency, of occurrence of a defined hazard and the magnitude of the consequences of the occurrence. Solvic (1993) stated that, much of the publics reaction to risk could be attributed to sensitivity not only to the technical but also to the social and psychological qualities of hazards. HMSO (1995) add on that, with concern of food, people associate greater risk with circumstances and practices which they perceive are controlled by others, such as eating in restaurants, compared with situations in which they have perceived control, such as preparing and eating food at home. From the early research of Roselius and supported by Ruth M. W. Yeung (2002) stated that consumers tend to change their purchasing behaviour once a possible food hazard is perceived to reduce the perceived risk in a purchase. There are four types of purchasing behaviour, which include: stop, permanently or temporarily, the p urchase of offending product; reduce the purchase of the offending product; shift from one product to another similar type of product; or continue to purchase and absorb the unresolved risk, 2.6 Summary Nowadays, public are emphasize on food hygiene. As the report from The World Health Organization 2002, food safety is an increasingly important public health issue and inadequate food safety control was a key contributor to the 2.1 million deaths from diarrhoeal disease globally in 2000.There are many food poisoning cases happen because of poor food hygiene standards. As Kashif Hussain(2005) said, proper food hygiene results in healthful, clean, wholesome food, an orderly environment, and pleasant working conditions. Food industry and restaurant are taking important role in the proper hygiene standard. Kashif Hussain(2005) add on, food hygiene in a food service operation is the responsibility of everyone working in that establishment. Besides that, consumers have to understand the basic knowledge about food hygiene to reduce as well as prevent and the risk of food borne illness. For overall definition, food hygiene known as a practice of food safety included storage, handle, cook and present food. In order to remain the cleanliness level, some of the important steps are needed to concern. For example, the proper storage of food, maintaining kitchen cleanliness level, as well as the staff personal hygiene. Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) is a form of food risk assessment used as a food safety control. HACCP helps to indentify the hazards of food and reduce the risk from storage, handler, and cook and serve the food to consumer. Lastly, food borne illness is caused by conducting poor food hygiene in food industry. To prevent from food borne illness, food industries have to properly cook and handle the food. Besides that, food industries especially restaurant business must stringent requirements their staff with standard hygiene concept. CHAPTER 3 3.1 Introduction In this research, I will interview TAR colleges students in Kampar to gain their opinion toward the relationship between food hygiene and purchasing behaviour by using quantitative research method. 3.2 Research Design This research is to study the relationship between food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviours among TARC students. Quantitative survey method will be conducted because the information is more reliable. Besides that, its more convenience, and efficient which face to face survey with TAR college students about the awareness of food hygiene. 3.3 Population The respondent in this research is focus on TARC Perak Branch Campus students. 3.4 Research Instrument Questionnaire is divided into 3 sections. Section A is awareness of food hygiene, Section B is HACCP, and Section C is customers purchasing behaviour and lastly Section D is demographic. There total 15 questions on food hygiene and customers purchasing behaviour in Section B and respondents responded on a likert scale which range from strongly agree to strongly disagree. 5 questions on customers purchasing behaviour were asked in Section C and likert scale which range from strongly agree to strongly disagree is provided. For the last section is demographic which included respondents gender, age as well as education level. 3.5 Research Procedure The method that used to collect data is through face to face interview with Kampar college students. Face to face interview can make sure that the information is more accurate and reliable. The question is printed in black and white papers that allow respondents to answer the questions accordingly. Before start my survey, I will have a short brief about my title and reason of research. After that, black and white printed question paper will be given to let respondents answer the question accordingly. Using face to face method with black and white printed questionnaire can make sure that respondents can answer accordingly and respondents can ask for question when they meet some problem in answering the question. 3.6 Method of collecting Data In this research, the instrument will use black and white printed survey form to interview Kampar students. All the survey questions are printed in black and white paper form to let respondents answer the survey question accordingly. Face to face survey by using black and white printed survey form can make sure that respondents are answering the question accordingly and also can get more reliable answers. Besides that, respondents can ask any question directly from me if they face any problem while answering the survey question. Method of Analysing Data The Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) is used for data analysis. Coefficient Alpha is used to test the reliability of question, independent- sample T-test is use to test the bias of respondents and lastly Pearson Correlation method are used to test the hypothesis. CHAPTER 4 Introduction The data analysis will be conducted by using Statistic Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to find out the result for objective and hypothesis. Research Finding: Reliability Statistic Test A study was conducted to estimate the internal consistency of the 20 items which included HACCP, Food borne illness as well as Customers purchasing behaviour. Coefficient alpha for the scale was 0.770, indicating fair internal consistency among the items on the scale. The means of individual items ranged from 1.40 to 2.30, with a mean on the total scale of 32.50 (Standard Deviation = 4.171). Overall, the respondents responses on the scale indicated that they possessed a fairly degree of HACCP, Food borne illness and Customers purchasing behaviour. Independent-sample T-test Research Question 1. Will Application of HACCP influence purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? 2. Will factor of food borne illness influence the purchasing behaviour among Kampar students? Hypothesis Null Hypothesis 1: There is no significant difference in HACCP between purchasing behaviour. Alternative Hypothesis 1: There is a significant difference in HACCP between purchasing behaviour. Null Hypothesis 2: There is no significant difference in food borne illness between purchasing behaviour. Alternative Hypothesis 2: There is a significant difference in food borne illness between purchasing behaviour. Interpretation of result Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.666 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in HACCP. Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.871 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in food borne illness. Table XXX indicated that the p-value is 0.682 which is greater than 0.05, means do not reject the null hypothesis and argue there is no significant difference in purchasing behaviour. The Pearson r Correlations Coefficient The correlation table XXX, indicated that the correlation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour is 0.341** with corresponding p-value of 0.015 based on 50 respondents. Since the p-value is less than 0.05, there is significant positive relation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour. There is a relationship between HACCP and purchasing behaviour, r (0.341) at p is less than 0.05. Hence, there is a relationship which affirms that the two variables are positively related to population. The coefficient of determination: r the correlation between HACCP and purchasing behaviour of the respondent = 0.341 and rà ² = the coefficient of determination = (0.341)à ² = 0.1163. Therefore 11.63% if the variance in HACCP of the respondent can be explained by purchasing behaviour of respondents. While for second hypothesis, there is no relationship between food borne illness and purchasing behaviour, r (0.48) since the p-value is more than 0.05. Questionnaire SECTION A: Food Hygiene Below questions are continuous question 1(a). Based on the option below, which Kampar restaurants do you think that are having high level of cleanliness/ hygiene standard? Mc Donald ( Fast Food restaurant) Seng Yip ( Economy rice restaurant) East Ocean Dong Hai ( Chinese restaurant) Ghany Corner (Mamak store) 2. What are the factors that influence you to choose the restaurant from question 1(a)? The restaurant have proper standard to cook/serve the food (eg. Serve the food with clean tray) The utilities provided are clean and safe to use The restaurant environment are clean Staffs with proper attire Their dishes are fresh and nice SECTION B: Application of HACCP Respondent is asked to indicate the extent to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement by using 5 Likert scale. 1. My perception of cleanliness level in a restaurant is based on Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Proper handling of food Food presentation Restaurant environment Utensils and equipment used in restaurant 2. Based on your experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ãâ Ã
¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Food hygiene (sanitation level) is a factor that influence my choice of restaurant to dine in Proper storage of food before use, washing hand before handling food and maintaining a clean environment can make sure that all foods are free of contaminants 3. The following question is asking about the factors that cause food borne illness. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree Food come from unsafe sources will cause food borne illness Inadequate cooking method will cause food borne illness Improper holding temperature will cause food borne illness Using contaminated equipment will cause food borne illness Poor personal hygiene will cause food borne illness 4. Based on your dining experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ãâ Ã
¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree The restaurant has standard sanitation level The restaurant food I often dine in is cooking in proper cooking method The restaurant food I often dine in is serving in proper temperature The restaurant staff s have proper attire SECTION C: Customers Behavior 1. The below questions are asking about customers behavior. Based on your experience, please rate the following statement by putting a tick (à ¢Ãâ Ã
¡) in the box. Strongly Agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly Disagree I will never dine in to the restaurant again if found a foreign object in my food I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that they did not poorly handle of food (eg. Serve the food which dropped on floor) I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that there is presence of pesticides I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if I found out that the utilities provided is dirty I will never visit to the particular restaurant again if my food is not serving in proper temperature (eg. Rice and dishes is cold and not fresh) SECTION D: Demographic 1. Gender Male Female 2. Age 18-21 22-24 25-27 3. Highest Level education acquire SPM Certificate Diploma Advanced Diploma Chapter 5 maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7786768744349941054.post-59322463740322883922019-11-13T10:55:00.001-08:002019-11-13T10:55:04.167-08:00Christian Teens :: essays research papers fc Teens reflect a culture all of their own within American society. The language that they speak, music that they listen to, and many aspects of their lives differ from that of past generations (Linehan 3). Therefore, many people of older generations tend to make judgments and assumptions about teenagers. These assumptions are typically based on the manner in which teenagers speak, dress, and present themselves. Because of these generalizations, faith of many teens is commonly overlooked. In a society where violence seems to be accepted and many teens are lost about who they are, faith can be the one bond interlinking a group of many. Despite occurrences such as the shootings April 20, 1999 at Columbine High School, and other negative aspects surrounding teenagersââ¬â¢ lives, there are still many young people involved and/or seeking a life with faith in Christ. Although there are many instances of violence and hate in society today, one that shocked the nation more than most was the massacre at Columbine High School. Some people say that the boysââ¬â¢ families caused them to kill, some say it was other students, however there was also another ingredient... a lack of faith in their lives (Grace and Mitchell 58). In a world where many teenagers are surrounded by things such as materialism and discrimination many have the strength to maintain a spiritual life. However Klebold and Harris, the shooters at Columbine High School, had a loss of a sense of sin. They killed innocent people, one of whom was Cassie Bernall, a devout Christian. When a Columbine gunman asked Cassie Bernall if she believed in God, she allegedly replied, ââ¬Å"Yes, and you should too.â⬠Moments after hearing this reply, one of the gunmen put the gun to he head and took her life. Such a strong testament of her faith in Christ cost young Bernall her life (58). Because of this strong commitment, many consider Bernall a martyr of sorts, and say that she is a testament to their own faith (Grace and Mitchell 58). Many teens and younger youth have been greatly influenced by Bernallââ¬â¢s decision to stand up for her beliefs, this is a large encouragement to teens everywhere, especially because we live in a society where teensââ¬â¢ identifies are greatly challenged (59). Susan Teran is one student to whom Bernallââ¬â¢s act spoke out to. ââ¬Å"If there were a shooter in my school,â⬠says Teran, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢d volunteer to sacrifice my life. maudelittle1996http://www.blogger.com/profile/11450361461005606531noreply@blogger.com0